西南大学培训与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷
学期：2020年秋季
课程名称【编号】： 语言学导论【0181】 A卷
:大作业 ：100分
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Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
1. _______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.
A. Roots B. Stems C. Affixes D. Compounds
2. The relation between the two words “buy” and “sell” can be described as____.
A. gradable antonymy B. converse antonymy
C. complementary antonymy D. synonymy
3. The last phoneme in the word “hang” is a_______.
A. glottal B. palatal C. dental D. nasal
4. Three places of articulation that involve the teeth and/or the lips are_____.
A. palatal, velar, glottal B. bilabial, labiodental, interdental
C. stop, fricative, affricative D. nasal, lateral, semi vowel
5. The four major modes of semantic change are_______.
A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation
B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation
C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
6. Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.
A. recreational B. metalingual C. phatic D. performative
7. Identify the morphemes in the word “unimaginative”________.
A. un-im-ag-in-at-ive B. un-imaginative
C. un-imagin-ative D. unimagin-ative
8. The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.
A. Grice B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Saussure
9. The Whorf Hypothesis claims that_______.
A. language is full of “rich points”, whose meanings are difficult to translate into another language
B. abstract terms are easily translatable .
C. accents are part of identity
D. language influences culture-specific ways of knowing
10. The syllabic structure of the word “achieved” is ______.
A. VCCVCC B. VCVCC C. VCVVCVC D. VCCVCVC
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Ⅱ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.
11. Cultural transmission refers to the study of the language development or change over time.
12. Compounds are words formed by combining parts of other words.
13. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between the signifier and the signified of a sign.
14. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context or the study of language in use.
15. Blending is a way by which a word is produced by stringing together words.
16. Ultimate constituents are the smallest grammatical units obtained through binary segmentation
17. Diachronic linguistics studies the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.
18. Displacement refers to the fact that language can used to talk about things that are absent in time or space.
19. Creole is a language formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community.
20. Antonymy refers to the sameness of meaning between words.
Ⅲ. Reading comprehension. Read the following passage and answer each of the questions based on it. Choose the correct answer write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the children. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to the first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their store. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
It is a problem we need not get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that a child means by a word will change as the gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at say even months, of “mama” as a greeting for his mother can not be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes.
Playful and apparently meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents cash in on this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.
21. Before children start speaking, they ______.
A. need equal amount of listening
B. need different amounts of listening,
C. are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obeying spoken instructions
D. can’t understand and obey the adult’s oral instructions
22. Children who start speaking late _______.
A. may have problems with their hearing
B. probably do not hear enough language spoken around them
C. usually pay close attention to what they hear
D. often take a long time in learning to listen properly
23. A baby’s first noise is a(n) ______.
A. reflection of this moods and feelings
B. early form of language‘
C. sign that he means to tell you something
D. imitation of the speech of adults
24. The problem of deciding at what point a baby’s imitations can be considered as speech is _______
A. important because words have different meanings for different people8
B. not especially important because the change-over takes place gradually
C. one that can never be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age
D. one that should be completely ignored because children’s use of words is often meaningless
25. It is implied in the passage that ______.
A. parents can never hope to teach their children new sounds
B. children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak
C. children who are good at imitating learn new sounds more quickly.
D. even after they have learnt to speak children still enjoy imitating
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions, each in 120 to 200 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%)
26. How is linguistics different from traditional grammar? (20%)
27. What have you learned from the course of linguistics? (20%)
(Clue: You can say whatever, linguistic or non-linguistic, you have learned from the course. But make sure your answer is clear and logical. You may answer the question in Chinese, but this may result in a loss of marks.)
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