通用学术英语进阶(北京科技大学)中国大学MOOC(慕课)章节测验试题(答案)

中国大学MOOC(慕课)章节测验试题(答案)
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Unit 1 Communication
Self-assessment
1 单选 Which of the following verbs suggests a persuasive purpose?
A. Compare.
B. Evaluate.
C. Discuss.
D. All of the above.
A.
B. x
3 Which of the following serves as a good thesis statement?
A. The effect of the Internet on society.
B. The American automobile industry has many problems.
C. More people are attending community colleges.
D. Recycling programs, though expensive at first, are ultimately an efficient, cost effective, and environmentally sound means of reducing waste in our environment.
4 A scientific hypothesis is stated at the beginning of a scientific paper and
should be answered by the conclusion.
A.
B. x
5 填空 () In English sentences the new information is usually introduced at the _______
(beginning/end) of sentences.
6 填空 () Fill the blank with one of the words given below.Change the form where
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
It’s not a ___________ that none of the directors are women.
oincidence
8 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
He handed the case down to one of his ___________ officers.
9 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
Modern music is often considered ___________ to that of the past.
He has had nine Oscar ___________.
1 1 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
Two factories were closed in an ___________ to cut costs.
ttempt
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
We first build up a detailed ___________ of our customers and their requirements.
13 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
They did a lot to ___________ efficiency.
Participants were ___________ according to age.
ategorized
15 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
coincidence profile subordinate attempt nomination
distinction categorize manipulate inferior maximize
As a politician, he knows how to ___________ public opinion.
16 The rise of multinational corporations (跨国公司), global marketing, new
communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an
unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.
Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S.
leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten
years ago, for example, the world’s top five public relations agencies were American-
owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming more
sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British
companies include PR as part of their corporate (公司的) planning activities, compared
to about one-third of U.S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New
York as the capital of PR.
Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole
tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of
world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly,
Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts (相对应的人) in knowing
a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson—Marshall’s U.S. employees know
two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some
European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language.
Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs.
In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal.
Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London
and The Economist, publications not often read in this country.
Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News
Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used
on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the
nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such things as
foreign.
According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened
because of ________.
A. an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companies
B. shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologies
C. the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U.S.
D. increased efforts of other countries in public relations
17 London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because ________.
A. British companies are more ambitious than U.S. companies
B. British companies place more importance on PR than U.S. companies
18 The word “ provincial” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means “________” .
A. limited in outlook
B. like people from the provinces
C. rigid in thinking
D. interested in world financial affairs
19 We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry
________.
A. American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.
B. The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies.
C. People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.
D. People involved in PR should avoid using the word “foreign” .
21 New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It’s
now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or
satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications
equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.
Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople
who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In
modern markets, success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.
Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within
executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being
“out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central
to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an
assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas,
superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United
States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming
more and more prevalent (普遍的).
Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business
applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into
international markets.
English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing
need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn’t generally
required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge
when other qualifications appear to be equal.
The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s principal language has an
opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to
know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can
communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an
obvious asset to the firm.
businesspeople ________.
A. have to get familiar with modern technology
B. are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operations
C. are attaching more importance to their overseas business
D. are eager to work overseas
23 In this passage, “out of sight and out of mind” (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably
means ________.
A. being unable to think properly for lack of insight
B. being totally out of touch with business at home
C. missing opportunities for promotion when abroad
D. leaving all care and worry behind
24 According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international
corporations in employing people today?
A. Connections with businesses overseas.
B. Ability to speak the client’s language.
C. Technical know-how.
D. Business experience.
25 The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can
________.
Self-assessment
A. Temporal precedence
B. Co-variation of cause and effect
C. Relevance of events
D. No plausible alternative explanations
2 In a cause-effect essay, the body paragraphs usually elaborate the several
reasons why the thesis is true.
A.
B. x
structure and point-by-point structure.
A.
B. x
4 The two types of causal relations are explicit and direct causal relations.
A.
B. x
5 单选 Which part in the following sentence is the cause-effect signal word, “The
torrential flood devastated many villages just in one day.”?
A. the torrential flood
B. devastated
C. many villages
D. just in one day
6 填空 ()
Adults are often __________ to German measles (风疹) .
7 填空 () Fill the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
render obscure excess initially mmune
tension transmit digest ransparency superiority
We laughed and that helped ease the__________.
8 填空 () Fill the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
render obscure excess initially mmune
tension transmit digest ransparency superiority
Humans cannot ___________ plants such as grass.
9 填空 () Fill the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
Her sense of __________ makes her very unpopular.
11 填空 ()
Fill the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where necessary.
render obscure excess initially mmune
tension transmit digest ransparency superiority
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain__________.
12 填空 () Fill the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
render obscure excess initially mmune
tension transmit digest ransparency superiority
Hundreds of people were____________ homeless by the earthquake.
14 填空 () Fill the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
render obscure excess initially mmune
tension transmit digest ransparency superiority
Many people suffer from an __________ of stress in job and life.
render obscure excess initially mmune
tension transmit digest ransparency superiority
The ceremony was __________ live by satellite to over fifty countries.
16 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage .
The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in
human history, comparable in impact to the invention of the printing press and the
telegraph. Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly more
information than ever before, and can communicate with each other instantly, often
using Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhere. But the Internet’s
tremendous impact has only just begun.
“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural,
and political transformations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time
the effects are fully global,” Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book, The New
Digital Age.
Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people
worldwide who currently lack Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent
job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments,
and institutions like the news media. But if the book has one major shortcoming, it’s that
the authors don’t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet
businesses in these sweeping changes.
In their book, the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that
describes—and more importantly predicts—how the Internet will shape our lives in the
coming decades. They paint a picture of a world in which individuals, companies,
institutions, and governments must deal with two realities, one physical, and one virtual.
At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, but people aren’t.”
By using this concept as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now
familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy (对立观点) that has characterized many recent
debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society.
In an interview with TIME earlier this week, Cohen said although he and his co-author
are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they’re also realistic about the risks
and dangers that lie ahead when the next five billion people come online, particularly
with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance (监视).
In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing press and
the telegraph?
17 单选
How do Schmidt and Cohen describe the effects of the Internet?
A. They are immeasurable.
B. They are unpredictable.
C. They are worldwide.
D. They are contaminating.
19 What will the future be like when everybody gets online?
A. People will have equal access to information.
B. People don’t have to travel to see the world.
C. People will be living in two different realities.
D. People don’t have to communicate face to face.
20
What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age?
21 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage .
Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about
it?
It wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because
you couldn’t reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon
Valley?
It’s the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from
Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley.
You only need two kinds of people to create a technology hub (中心): rich people
and nerds (痴迷科研的人).
Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become startup hubs if and
only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few startups happen in Miami, for
example, because although it’s full of rich people, it has few nerds. It’s not the kind of
place nerds like.
Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people.
The top US Computer Science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, and
Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley.
But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home
of Cornell University, which is also high on the list?
I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both.
The weather is terrible, particularly in winter, and there’s no interesting old city to make
up for it, as there is in Boston. Rich people don’t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So
while there’re plenty of hackers (电脑迷) who could start startups, there’s no one to
invest in them.
Do you really need the rich people? Wouldn’t it work to have the government
invest in the nerds? No, it would not. Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people.
They tend to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This
helps them pick the right startups, and means they can supply advice and connections
as well as money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes
them really pay attention.
What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
A. It leads the world in information technology.
B. It is the biggest technology hub in the US.
22 What makes Miami unfit to produce a Silicon Valley?
A. Lack of incentive for investment.
B. Lack of the right kind of talents.
C. Lack of government support.
D. Lack of famous universities.
23 In what way is Carnegie-Mellon different from Stanford, Berkeley and MIT?
25 What does the author say about startup investors?
A. They are especially wise in making investments.
B. They can do more than providing money.
C. They have good connections in the government.
D. They are rich enough to invest in nerds.
Unit 3 Economy
Self-assessment
15/52
1 Analytical writing doesn’t involve any descriptive writing.
A.
B. x
2 填空 () In this unit, we have learned three types of analysis: process analysis,
rhetorical analysis and _____________ analysis.
ausal
A. Assertions
B. Evidence and explanations
C. Significance or interpretation
D. Modal verbs
4 Which of the following methods are effective to open a speech or presentation?
A. Using a powerful quote
B. Asking a rhetorical or literal question
C. Asking the audience to imagine a scenario
D. Stating a shocking statistic
5 In academic writing, strong modals should always be used to show credibility.
6 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
You will be ________ to your pension when you reach 65.
8 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
This will ________ the impact of our activities and our resources.
mplify
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
Many ________ influences can affect your state of mind.
10 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
The road and the canal run ________ to each other.
12 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
Awards provide an __________ for young people to improve their skills.
13 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
A degree is an essential ___________ for employment at this level.
15 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
incentive prerequisite entitle parallel external
amplify chronic confront mortal gross
The issue has caused great tension between the two countries and could lead to a
military_________.
onfrontation
traditions dating back to Grandma’s generation. Their tables will be set with the good
dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.
But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a
s】onawDAa (粗陶)-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-
Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For
makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times.
Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it
is eliminating 1,000 jobs—one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000
the number of positions lost in 18 months in the do】】aA( (陶瓷) region. Wedgwood and
other pottery factories made cuts earlier.
Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the
layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal
Doulton admitted that the company“has been somewhat slow in catching up with the
trend”toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more
people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television;
17 Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?
A. Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.
B. People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.
C. Family members need more time to relax.
D. Young people won’t follow the etiquette of the older generation.
18 It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is ________.
19 The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is ________.
A. the increased value of the pound
B. the economic recession in Asia
C. the change in people’s way of life
D. the fierce competition at home and abroad
________.
21 单选 Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of
environmental claims made by household products, according to a“green labeling”study
published by Consumers International Friday.
Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer
described itself as“earthworm friendly”a brand of flour said it was“non-polluting”and a
British toilet paper claimed to be“environmentally friendlier”
The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC)
for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch
governments and the European Commission.
“ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to
go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of
products they buy,”said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe,
Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the
United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
21/52
The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂)
insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared
them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in
September, 1999.
Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000
products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally
friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,”said report researcher Philip
Page.
“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners
were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The
high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from
the misleading.”he said.
22 As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers
________.
A. are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
B. are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
C. are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
D. still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment
23 A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________.
A. find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
B. inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
22/52
24 What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household
products?
A. They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.
B. Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.
C. They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.
D. Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.
25 It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer
International wants to ________.
Self-assessment
discussion essay.
A.
B. x
2 填空 () In this unit, we have learned two ways of presenting an argument: the
balanced way and the_____________.
BC
4 What are the criteria to evaluate evidence?
A. Sufficiency
B. Credibility
C. Accuracy
D. Relevance
BCD
to______________.
A. explain a general idea
B. persuade the audience
C. define a term
D. illustrate a general idea
BCD
6 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
The _____________ of a country, society, or organization consists of the basic
facilities such as transport, communications, power supplies, and buildings, which
enable it to function.
24/52
7 () ill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
The police have managed to ____________ some of the stolen money.
.
9 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
The company had a___________ improvement in profits last year.
10 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
Temperatures can _____________ by as much as 10 degrees.
1 1 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
12 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
The company is reconsidering the way in which it ___________ its resources.
13 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
Many experts________ rewarding your child for good behaviour.
dvocate
14 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
marginal diversify project dispatch transformation
infrastructure advocate retrieve deploy fluctuate
The Italian government was preparing to ___________ 4,000 soldiers to search the
island.
16 单选 Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is
harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
Arthur Von Wiesenberger, who carries the title Water Master, is one of the few water
critics in North America. As a boy, he spent time in the larger cities of Italy, France and
Switzerland, where bottled water is consumed daily. Even then, he kept a water journal,
noting the brands he liked best. “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and
tap water,” He says.
But is plain tap water all that bad? Not at all. In fact, New York’s municipal water for
more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently
considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. Similarly, a
magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than
several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.
Nevertheless, soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for
market share—despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap
water: PepsiCo’s Aquafina and Coca-Cola’s Dasani are both purified tap water rather
than spring water.
As diners thirst for leading brands, bottlers and restaurateurs salivate (垂涎) over the
profits. A restaurant’s typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on
bottled water it’s often 300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine,
and many of the fancier brands aren’t available in stores, most diners don’t notice or
care.
As a result, some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water.
According to an article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics
include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the
menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they
want it.
Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for
better health, our wish to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity.
What do we know about Iceberg Water from the passage?
A. It is a kind of iced water.
17
单选 By saying “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water”
(Line 3 Para. 2), Von Wiesenberger wants to convey the message that ________.
A. plain tap water is certainly unfit for drinking
28/52
18 The “fancier brands” (Line 3 Para. 5) refers to ________.
A. tap water from the Thames River
B. famous wines not sold in ordinary stores
C. PepsiCo’s Aquafina and Coca-Cola’s Dasani
D. expensive bottled water with impressive names
19 Why are some restaurants turning up the pressure to sell bottled water?
A. It is much cheaper than wine.
B. It is considered healthier.
C. It appeals to more cultivated people.
D. It is more widely promoted in the market.
21 单选 Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy-efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream.
When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000,
three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was
equipped with small double-paned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-
saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla’s
eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could
hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness.
Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in
her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers.
The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting.
29/52
The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention
partly because of the nation’s drive to save energy. The problem itself isn’t new. “The
indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,” says
Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. “Energy
conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.”
The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than
old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn’t worry much
about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was
replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated
in most households seldom build up to dangerous levels.
It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas house ________.
A. Lack of fresh air.
B. Poor quality of building materials.
C. Gas leakage in the kitchen.
D. The newly painted walls.
23 The word “accentuate” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means “________” .
A. relieve
B. accelerate
C. worsen
D. improve
24
Why were cracks in old houses not a big concern?
25 This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled “________” .
A. Energy Conservation
B. Houses Building Crisis
C. Air Pollution Indoors
D. Traps in Building Construction
Self-assessment
onclusion
3 Experimental scientists often gain their findings from ____________.
A. field observation
B. statistical calculations
C. personal interviews
D. case studies
4 填空 () Data interpretation of a research paper usually begins with a statement of the
major findings from the data in a direct, __________ and concise way.
5 Explanation of the meaning and significance of one’s findings connects the
discussion section with the introduction.
A.
B. x
6 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasible
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
Solar power is the ___________ of the sun’s energy into heat and electricity.
onversion
8 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasible
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
She stood in the wings and waited for her _________ to go on to the stage.
ue
9 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasible
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
If you have a(an) _________ idea or feeling about something, you feel that it is true
although you have no evidence or proof of it.
1 1 () ill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasible
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
There is little _________ for people to leave their cars at home when public transport
remains so expensive.
12 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasible
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
I’m afraid I have no __________but to ask you to leave.
lternative
13 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasibe
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
A new report suggests that chewing-gum may be a health_______.
15 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
intuitive conversion hazard duration feasible
distinction alternative cue eligible incentive
It’s just not ________ to manage the business on a part-time basis.
16 单选 If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the
research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not
getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.
34/52
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in
northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early
age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.
With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain
volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of
the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect and
emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which
controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can
continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.)
Contraction of front and side parts—as cells die off—was observed in some subjects
in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds.
Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction
normally associated with age—using the head.
The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in
people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers,
followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in
government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker,
bus driver and shop assistant.
Matsuzawa’s findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood
must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need.“The
best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain,”he says,“Think
hard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculators.”
The team of doctors wanted to find out ________.
17 On what are their research findings based?
A. A survey of farmers in northern Japan.
B. Tests performed on a thousand old people.
C. The study of brain volumes of different people.
D. The latest development of computer technology.
19 单选 The word“subjects”in Paragraph 5means ________.
A. something to be considered
B. branches of knowledge studied
C. persons chosen to be studied in an experiment
D. any member of a state except the supreme ruler
A. Lawyers.
B. Farmers.
C. Clerks.
D. Shop assistants.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely
“not ill”and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special
needs. Both types have simply been called“well.”In recent years, however, some health
specialists have begun to apply the terms“well”and“wellness”only to those who are
actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned
with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body’s condition.
Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters
related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may
be“well,”in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health
they can in the face of their physical limitations.“Wellness”may perhaps best be viewed
not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People
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who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it
strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can
have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.
Today medical care is placing more stress on ________.
22 单选 In the first paragraph, people are reminded that ________.
24 单选 According to the author, the true meaning of“wellness”is for people ________.
A. to best satisfy their body’s special needs
B. to strive to maintain the best possible health
C. to meet the strictest standards of bodily health
D. to keep a proper balance between work and leisure
25 单选
would According to what the author advocates, which be considered healthy? of the following groups of people
Unit 6 Safety
Self-assessment
1 填空 () To evaluate is to arrive at a conclusion about the value of something by
considering its strengths and ___________.
A. disaster
B. trend
C. opportunity
D. impact
3 多选 What are the right kinds of effective evidence to support evaluation?
A. Field observations
B. Statistical calculations
C. Personal interviews
D. Case studies
4 填空 () The SPSE essay discusses a situation and a problem and then proposes a
solution and a(an) ___________ of the solution.
5 判断 Hedging is the expression of tentativeness and possibility in language use.
A.
B. x
6 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
If people in authority _______ a law or a rule, they make sure that it is obeyed, usually by
punishing people who do not obey it.
8 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
The changes to the national health system will be_______ next year.
9 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
A hospital spokesman said she had suffered a _______ heart attack.
where necessary.
onventional
11 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
I ran around the corner, and almost ________ with Mrs Laurence.
ollided
12 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
You risk _________ bank charges if you exceed your overdraft limit.
13 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
The government is doing nothing to __________ in the crisis.
15 填空 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
fatal implement collide prone intervene
enforce incur hierarchy perceive conventional
Children who do badly in school tests often _______ themselves to be failures.
16 单选 Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.
Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75
percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形), painted on
the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus
drivers slow down.
Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington
D.C. is planning to repeat Japan’s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint
chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how
well the patterns reduce highway crashes.
Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents,
according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct
its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest—curves, exit slopes, traffic
circles, and bridges.
Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut
the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within
months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.
Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster
than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer
lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.
On roads painted with chevrons, drivers tend to feel that ________.
A. they should avoid speed-related hazards
B. they are driving in the wrong lane
C. they should slow down their speed
D. they are approaching the speed limit
17 单选 The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to
________.
18 单选 What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?
A. They are falling out of use in the United States.
B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.
C. They are applicable only on broad roads.
D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.
________.
A. can keep drivers awake
B. can cut road accidents in half
C. will have a longer effect on drivers
D. will look more attractive
A. a new way of highway speed control
B. a new pattern for painting highways
C. a new approach to training drivers
D. a new type of optical illusion
21 单选 A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical
Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver, Indeed, a
16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal
accident as a teenager driving alone, By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30
and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.
The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically
after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight, with passengers in the car, the driver was
even more likely to die in a late-night accident.
Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research
43/52
Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with“really stupid
behavior”than with just a lack of driving experience.“The basic issue.”he says,“is that
adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a
task driving is.”
Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使 …缓解) the
problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting
a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove
himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with
night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges.
Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent
studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in
place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers, California is the
strictest, with a novice (新手) driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20
(without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.
Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?
________.
A. their frequent driving at night
B. their improper way of driving
C. their lack of driving experience
D. their driving with passengers
23 单选 According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.
B. Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.
C. Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.
D. The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers’driving accidents.
24 单选 A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers’driving accidents is that
________.
25 单选 The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing
system ________.
A. is under discussion
B. is about to be set up
C. has been put into effect
D. has been perfected
Self-assessment
2 单选 The Toulmin model of arguments consists of six components: claim, ground,
warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Which three components are primary?
A. claim, warrant, rebuttal
B. claim, ground, warrant
C. ground, warrant, backing
D. ground, warrant, rebuttal
3 单选 The structure of the Rogerian model of arguments includes: introduction,
summary of opposing views, statement of understanding, statement of your position,
statement of contexts, statement of _______.
4 填空 () When reasoning _______, a person starts with a specific statement in order to
make a projection to a general conclusion.
5 填空 () In a/an ___________ argument the truth of the conclusion necessarily follows from
the truth of the claim.
He tends to _________ the difficulties.
7 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
exaggerate interpret integral akin probe
ally duplicate renovate descendant permeate
The smell of cooking ___________the flat.
8 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
exaggerate interpret integral akin probe
ally duplicate renovate descendant permeate
New copies of the form can be ____________ from a master copy.
10 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
exaggerate interpret integral akin probe
ally duplicate renovate descendant permeate
Britain has ________ itself with other western powers for trade and defence.
llied
necessary.
exaggerate interpret integral akin probe
ally duplicate renovate descendant permeate
I didn’t know whether to __________ her silence as acceptance or refusal.
12 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
kin
necessary.
The coastal areas were occupied by the _____________ of Greek colonists.
14 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
exaggerate interpret integral akin probe
ally duplicate renovate descendant permeate
The hotel has been _________ and redecorated.
15 () Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
exaggerate interpret integral akin probe
ally duplicate renovate descendant permeate
I don’t want to ____________ too deeply into your personal affairs.
Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are
determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational
system has to offer. An effective measure of parental attention is homework. Asian
parents spend more time with their children than American parents do, and it helps.
Many researchers also believe there is something in Asian Culture that breeds success,
such ideals that stress family values and emphasize education.
Both explanations for academic success worry Asian Americans because of fears that they
feed a typical racial image. Many can remember when Chinese, Japanese and Filipino
immigrants were the victims of social isolation. Indeed, it was not until 1952 that laws
were laid down giving all Asian immigrants the right to citizenship.
While making tremendous achievements at college, Asian-American students ________.
17 单选 What are the major factors that determine the success of Asian Americans?
A. A solid foundation in basic mathematics and Asian Americans?
B. Hard work and intelligence.
C. Parental help and a limited knowledge of English.
D. Asian culture and the American educational system.
A. They are afraid that they would again be isolated from American society in general.
B. People would think that Asian students rely on their parents for success.
C. Asian American would be a threat to other minorities.
D. American academic achievements have taken on too strong an Asian character.
20 单选 The author’s tone in this passage is ________.
A. sympathetic
B. doubtful
C. critical
D. objective
21 单选 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-
learn to do things because certain acts lead to“rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt
that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the
early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives”as
thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort
of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results
in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward”the babies and
so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side
or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the
milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he
began to study the children’s responses in situations where on milk was provided. He
quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to
right or left if the movement“switched on”a display of lights and indeed that they were
capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or
two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the
interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights
closely although they would“smile and bubble”when the display came on. Papousek
concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the
success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there
exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under
intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
22 单选 Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
23 单选 In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order
o ________.
A. have the lights turned on
B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents
D. be praised
24 单选 The babies would“smile and bubble”at the lights because ________.
reflection of ________.

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