第一章 Medical English: Features and Learning医学英语的学习特点分析和医学交流过程的特点分析
2. Medical Literacy and Terminology (专业术语的构成和专有符号等)
3. Critical Reading Skills （批判性阅读能力的形成）
4. Literature and Documents in Medical Sciences（医学专业不同类型文献及文件的分析）
5. Communication in Clinic Medicines （医学临床中的交流）
6. Balance Between Chinese and English: Medicines Involved (医学专业中中英交流的平衡和互动)
8. Academic Writing ABC in Medicines（医学学术写作初步）
9.communication and Medical Study
第一章 Medical English: Features and Learning医学英语的学习特点分析和医学交流过程的特点分析
第1题
- a) Thepossibilityofmovingtoward_____patientsandtheresponsibilitiesthatitimpliesundoubtedlywithchangepsychologist’sfuturerole.
A
meditating
B
medicating
C
mediating
D
mediatizing
第2题
- b)
A
synthesis
B
syngeneic
C
system
D
systole
第3题
- c) Heartfailureoccurswhentheheartisunabletomaintain______cardiacoutputforthebody’sneed.
A
sufficient
B
subsequent
C
suffocation
D
successive
第4题
- d)
A
duration
B
span
C
frequency
D
interval
第5题
- e) Recentstudiessuggestangiotensinhasalong-termpressor_____.
A
efficacy
B
effector
C
effect
D
effusion
第6题
Whatistype2diabetes?Thecellsinyourbodyneedinsulintochangeglucose,thesugarthatcomesfromthefoodyoueat,intoenergyyouneedtolive.Withoutinsulin,thissugarcannotgetintoyourcellstodoitswork.Itstaysinyourbloodinstead.Yourbloodsugarlevelthengetstoohigh.Type2diabetesusuallybeginswithinsulinresistance.Thismeansthatyourpancreasismakingenoughinsulin,butyourcellsarenotabletouseit.Whenyourcellsdon’tgetthesugartheyneed,yourpancreasworksharderatfirsttomakemoreinsulin.Butafterawhile,yourpancreasstopsbeingabletomakeenoughinsulin.Highbloodsugarcanharmmanypartsofthebody.Itcandamagebloodvesselsandnervesthroughoutyourbody.Youwillhaveabiggerchanceofgettingeye,heart,bloodvessel,nerve,andkidneydisease.Yourweight,levelofphysicalactivity,andfamilyhistoryaffecthowyourbodyrespondstoinsulin.Peoplewhoareoverweight,getlittleornoexercise,orhavediabetesinthefamilyaremorelikelytogettype2diabetes.Type2diabetesisusuallyfoundinadults,whichiswhyitusedtobecalledadult-onsetdiabetes.Butnowmoreandmorechildrenandteensaregettingittoo.Type2diabetesisadiseasethatyouwillalwayshave,butyoucanlivealongandhealthylifebylearninghowtomanageit.Howistype2diabetesdiagnosed?Mostlikelyyoufoundoutthatyouhavediabeteswhenyousawyourdoctorforaregularcheckuporforsomeotherproblem.Yourdoctorprobablydiagnosedtype2diabetesbyexaminingyou,askingaboutyourhealthhistory,andlookingattheresultsofbloodsugartests.Howisittreated?Ahealthydiethelpskeepyourbloodsugarundercontrolandhelpspreventheartdisease.Eatingtherightamountofcarbohydrateateachmealisveryimportant.Carbohydrateisfoundinsugarandsweets,grains,fruit,starchyvegetablesandmilkandyogurt.Adietitianoracertifieddiabeteseducatorcanhelpyouplanyourmeals.Eatingrightandgettingmoreexerciseareenoughforsomepeopletocontroltheirbloodsugarlevels.Othersalsoneedtotakeoneormoremedicines,includinginsulin.Youmayneedtotakeotherstepstopreventotherproblemsfromdiabetes.Theseproblemsarecalledcomplications.Peoplewithdiabetesaremorelikelytodiefromheartandbloodvesselproblemslikeheartattackandstroke.Ifyouare30orolder,talktoyourdoctorabouttakingalow-doseaspirineachdaytohelppreventtheseorotherlargebloodvesseldiseases.Youmayalsoneedmedicineforhighbloodpressureorhighcholesterol.Ifyousmoke,quittingmayhelpyouavoidproblemswithyourheartandlargebloodvessels.(478)AdoptedfromNorthShoreUniversityHealthSystem(NorthShore)at:https://www.northshore.org/globalassets/diabetes/patienteducation/educationpackettypeiidiabetes.pdff) Fromthefirstparagraphwemaygettoknowthatthesugarwetake-inviafoodshouldbedigestedtothecellsotherwiseitwill_________.
A
hurtourinsulin
B
accumulatedatthebloodstream
C
erodeourpancreas
D
poisonourbloodvessels
第7题
- g) Insulinresistanceastheauthormentionedinthepassageisthatyourbodycannotmakefulluseof______,andthenthepancreasstopstoproduceitinanormalway.
A
insulinthatpancreasproduced
B
insulinthatthecellsproduced
C
insulinthatproducedforblood
D
insulinthatproducedforpancreas
第8题
- h) Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingitemisNOTmentionedtothesufferersoftype2diabetes?
A
Theageofthesufferers.
B
Thegenderofthesufferers.
C
Thelife-longdurationofthedisease.
D
Thediseasecanbecontrolled
第9题
- i) Whendiagnosingtype2diabetes,whichofthefollowingtestindexisnotthemajorreferencefactor?
A
Physicalcheck-upresults.
B
Resultsofbloodssugar.
C
Interviewofyourhealthhistory.
D
X-rayreportsforyourchest.
第10题
- j) Asforthetreatmentmethod,ifapatientover30yearsoldthedoctorwouldsuggestthepatienttotake__________asaspecialmeanstopreventthelesionstobloodvessels.
A
alow-doseaspirineachday
B
medicinesforcomplications
C
aspecialdiet
D
aspecialinsulininjection
第11题
Anesthesiologyisthepracticeofmedicinewhichinvolvestheperioperativecareofpatientsandthetreatmentofpain.Thefieldispredominatelya(k)_________specialty,whichcaresforpatients(l)_____pre-operatively,post-operativelyandincriticalcareunits.Italsoinvolvesthetreatmentofacuteandchronicpainasoneofitsmajor(m)_____.Thepracticeofanesthesiologyincludesawide(n)______ofpatients:allages,alldegreesofillnessesandbothsexes.Thesubspecialtiesinclude:pediatric,cardiac,neuro,obstetrical,ambulatoryanesthesiaaswellascriticalcaremedicineandpainmanagement.Individualsinterestedinanesthesiologyarethosewhoenjoyphysiologyandapplied(o)_______intheclinicalsetting.Theymustbecomfortablewithmanagingacutelifethreateningproblemsandenjoyworkingintheoperatingroom.k)
A
clinic-focused
B
hospital-based
C
bed-sided
D
problem-based
第12题
l)
A
acutely
B
severely
C
advanced
D
sharply
第13题
m)
A
kinds
B
ranks
C
fields
D
subspecialties
第14题
n)
A
ranges
B
rays
C
spectrum
D
categories
第15题
o)
A
medicine
B
pharmacology
C
pathology
D
anatomy
2.MedicalLiteracyandTerminology(专业术语
第1题
1)Selectthebestanswerandwritetheletterofyourchoiceofeachnumber.a)Theword“carcinogenic“isformedwithprefixof
A
cardio-
B
carbo-
C
carcin-
D
carbam-
第2题
b)Theword“earwax”isa______wordwithearandwax.
A
compounding
B
prefixing
C
combating
D
complexing
第3题
c)Thesuffixes“-ate”“-fy”and“-ize”inwordusuallyform_____.
A
adverbs
B
adjectives
C
conjunctions
D
verbs
第4题
d)Inthewords“dysphagia”,”dysrhythmia”,dystonia”“dys-“functionsasprefixandhasameaningas________.
A
firm
B
difficult
C
acute
D
pain
第5题
e)Thesuffixed“-ic”“-ous”,“-al”arefoundin_________.
A
verbs
B
nouns
C
pronouns
D
adjectives
第6题
2)Completethefollowingsentenceswiththerightmedicaltermsgivenbelowf).Thechainofeventsbetween________ofadrugandproductionoftheseeffectsinthebodycanbedividedintotwoimportantcomponents,bothofwhichcontributetovariabilityindrugactions.
A
administration
B
preparation
C
proscription
D
injection
第7题
g)Preoperativecardiac________isroutinelyperformedtoprovidedefinitiveassessmentofaorticvalveareaandthepressuregradient,aswellastoassessthecoronaryarteriesforsignificantstenosis.
A
involvement
B
transformation
C
alteration
D
catheterization
第8题
h)Thenervoussystemcontrolsthesecretionofmany______glands,andsomehormonesinturnaffectthefunctionofthenervoussystem.
A
exocrine
B
endocrine
C
endocardial
D
entoderm
第9题
i)Thesecretionofinsulin—whichactstolowertheplasmaglucose_____—isstimulatedbyariseinglucoseconcentration,forexample,andisinhibitedbyafallinbloodglucose.
A
concentration
B
accumulation
C
heap-up
D
summary
第10题
j)Bleedingmayalsooccurspontaneouslyinpatientswhohavereceived______orthrombolyticdrugs,orwhohavecoagulationdisorderssuchashemophilia.
A
anticoagulants
B
coenzyme
C
coplanar
D
circumoral
CriticalReadingSkills
第1题
1)Readthefollowingpassageanddothecomprehensivequestionsin5minutes.ThetwomaincategoriesofAlzheimer’sdisease(AD)arefamilialandsporadic.FamilialAlzheimer’sdiseasereferstoageneticformofthediseasethatistransmittedfromonegenerationtothenext.Only5percentofallcasesofAlzheimer’sdiseasehavebeenassociatedwithageneticcomponent.TheseindividualscomefromfamiliesinwhichasmanyashalfofthemembersdevelopAlzheimer’sdisease.Fortunately,thisformofthedisorderisrare.Theremaining95percentofAlzheimer’sdiseasecasesaresporadic,orrandomlyoccurringinthepopulation.Avarietyof”riskfactors”havebeenidentifiedinindividualsdiagnosedwithAD.Infact,itisquitecommontopickupanewspaperortoturnontheTVandhearaboutthenewest”riskfactor”thathasbeenidentified.Whilesomeofthesefactorsmayturnouttobeuseful,itisimportanttorememberthatmuchoftheresearchthathasbeendoneinthisareaisretrospectiveresearch.ThismeansthattheresearchisconductedbycomparingagroupofpatientsdiagnosedwithADwithagroupofhealthyage-matchedadults.ThesetypesofanalysesprovideinformationaboutthenumberofindividualsdiagnosedwithADwhohaveacertaincharacteristiccomparedwiththehealthyindividuals.Whiletheseresultsareusefulindirectingfutureresearchstudies,theydonotprovideinformationaboutcauseandeffect.WhatisneededisaprospectivestudyinwhichlargenumbersofindividualsarefollowedfromanearlyagetotheageatwhichADdevelops.Theterm”dementia”isusedtodescribethegradualdeteriorationof”intellectual”abilitiesandbehaviorthateventuallyinterfereswithcustomarydailylivingactivities.”Customarydailylivingactivities”includebalancingthecheckbook,keepinghouse,drivingthecar,involvementinsocialactivities,andworkingatone’susualoccupation.Theremayalsobechangesinpersonalityandemotions.Contrarytopopularbelief,dementiaisnotanormaloutcomeofaging,butiscausedbydiseasesthataffectthebrain.Dementiainfluencesallaspectsofmindandbehavior,includingmemory,judgment,language,concentration,visualperception,temperament,andsocialinteractions.Althoughdementiasymptomsareeventuallyobvioustoeveryone,intheearlystagesspecialevaluationsarenecessarytodemonstratetheabnormalities.Inpeopleovertheageof65,themostcommoncauseofdementiaisAlzheimer’sdisease.Alzheimer’sdiseaseisaformofbraindegenerationinwhichabnormalparticlescalledneurofibrillarytanglesandneuriticplaquesforminthebrainanddestroyhealthyneurons(braincells).Theseabnormalitiestendtosettleinbrainareasthatcontroltheabilitytolearnanewfactandrememberit30minutes,oradaylater,askillwerefertoas”memory”.YearsofstudyingdementiashaveshownthatAlzheimer’sdiseaseisnottheonlytypeofbraindegeneration.Thereareotherformsofbraindegeneration,manyofwhichcanaffectpeopleintheir50’soreven40’s.Finishthereadingexercisesforthreecommonkindsasgiveninthewebsite.a)Readthefollowingmedicalcartoonthentelltheclasswhatyouhaveseen.(readingforpleasure)b)Readthefollowingpassagethendothereadingcomprehensionexercises(readingforinformation)BianQue,alsoknownasCh’inYueh-jen,probablylivedinthesecondcenturyBC.Hehadgreatgiftsasadiagnosticianandwentoutofhiswaytodemystifymedicalpractice.TheachievementsofthislegendarymedicalmanwererecordedintheImperialAnnalsoftheHanDynasty.Heissaidtohavecarriedoutaheart-swapoperationbetweentwopatientswhoseillnessesstemmedfromopposingmalfunctionsofthatorgan.Ifalltheexploitsattributedtohimaretrue,hemusthavebeenaroundfor400years,andtravelledthelengthandbreadthofChina.Infactitisthoughtthatthenamemayactuallyhavebeenarespectfultitleappliedtogifteddoctorsoverthecourseoffourcenturies,andtheexperiencesofanumberofthemmayhavebeenerroneouslyattributedtooneman.HemadeamajorcontributiontotraditionalChinesemedicine,andanumberofstoriesillustratethis.Inone,thesonoftheKingofGuolaydying,andthecourtphysicianscoulddonothingtohelp.TherewasjustonedoctorinthewholeofChinawhoseskillsmightsavetheboy,ifonlyhecouldbebroughtthereintime.BianQuewasdulysummonedandarrivedattheroyalpalacetofindthecourtinmourning.Thecrownprincewasbeingpreparedforburial.‘Mysonmighthavebeenaliveifyouhadcomesooner,’lamentedtheking,butthesageaskedtobeshownthebody.Hisexaminationconfirmedhissuspicionthattheprincehadactuallylapsedintoadeepcoma.Heimmediatelygaveacupuncturetreatmenttorevivehim,thenappliedcompressessoakedinadecoctionofherbs.Withinhoursofhisarrival,thepatientwasabletogettohisfeet.Thedoctorthenprescribedmedicineswhichrestoredhimtofullhealthintwentydays.Unsurprisingly,outsidethegatesofthecourtamongthecommonpeople,rumoursspreadthatherewasamiracle-workerwhocouldraisepeoplefromthedead.PienCh’iaoassuredthem:‘Icannotbringthedeadbacktolife.Theprincestillhadsomelifeleftinhim.Isimplyfoundthesparkandfanneditintoaflame.’1AccordingtothepassageBianQuemadethefirst_______fortwopatientswithmalfunctionsoftheorgan.AA)hearttransplantationoperationsBB)operationonheartexchangeCC)operationonheartrepairingDD)heartoperationsonarrhythmia
第2题
2Accordingtotheauthor,BianQuewasbelievedtobeagreatfigureas______.AA)hehadtouredaroundagreatpartoftheCentralChinaatthatageBB)hehadworkedforaroundfourcenturiesoftimeCC)collectivedeedsofgreatdiagnosticiansofthatageinChinaDD)agodwhosavedthepeopleofthewholeChina
第3题
3Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?AA)BianQue’sexaminationconfirmedhissuspicionthattheprincewasnotdeadbutjustinadeepcoma.BB)BianQueusedhismagiccuresavetheprincewhenhewasdying.CC)TheKingcomplainedBianQuefornotarrivingintimetosavehisson.DD)ThepublicbelievedandrumoredthatBianQuewasamiraclefigurethatcouldsavedyingpatients.
第4题
4Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsthestoryofBianQue?AA)Highly-respected.BB)Story-narration.CC)Criticizingwithmildtune.DD)Neutral.
4.基础练习1
第1题
Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.
ClassificationofMuscleActions
Itisusefultobeabletodescribetheeffectofmusclecontractiononajointintermswhichmaybeappliedthroughoutthebodyandwhicharerelatedtotheanatomicalposition.Thedescriptivetermsexpressverypoorly,however,thecomplexitiesofmovement,sincetheyresolvemovementtoarbitraryplanesofaction.Flexionisthetermusedtodescribethebendingofapanorthemakingofanangle,mosteasilyvisualizedinthebendingoftheelbowortheknee.Theoppositetermextensionfundamentallymeansastraightening.Intheanatomicalpositionmostofthemembersofthebodyareintheextendedposition;thearmsandlegsarestraight,asisalsotheback.Inthecaseofthefoot,thesetermsleadtosomeconfusionsince,intheerectposition,theankleisalmostcontinuouslysemiflexed.Fromthisposition,furtherflexionismorereadilyunderstoodunderthetermdorsiflexionandextensionunderthetermplantarflexion.Plantarflexionisobviouslybendinginthedirectionofthesole;dorsiflexion,bendinginthedirectionofthedorsum.Formovementawayfromortowardthecentralaxisofthebodythetermsabductionandadductionareapplied.Thesetermsleadtonoconfusionexceptinthehandsandfeelwherethereismovementofthedigitsawayfromandtowardaplanewhollywithintheseparts.Rotationalmovementisalsorecognized.Rotationoftheanteriorsurfaceofamembertowardthemidplaneofthebodyismedialrotation;rotationawayfromthemidplaneislateralrotation.Therotaryactionoftheforearmandhand,whichcanhereadilyobservedasthehandisturnedpalmuporpalmdown,hasaspecialdesignation.Pronationisrotationsoastoturnthepalmdownwardorbackward;supinationcarriesthepalmupwardorforward.Thereisasimilarthoughlessextensivemovementofthefootinwhichrotationtakesplaceintiletarsaljoints.Therotationofthefootsothatthesoleturnsoutwardiseversion;theoppositemovementsothatthesoleturnsinwardisinversion.Aspecialcaseofrotationisthatwhichisseenintheveryimportantopposingactionofthethumb.Thismovementofrollingthethumboverontothehandsothatthepadsofthedigitsconvergeintoafirmgraspistermedopposition;itisexhibitedtoalesserdegreeinthelittlefingerandinthegreatandsmalltoes.Circumductioniscircularmovement;toproducethistypeofmotion,flexionandextension,abductionandadductionarecombinedinapropersequence.Specialterms,suchasprotrusionandretraction,elevationanddepression,willbereferredtointheirpropercontextbutarerelativelyself-evident.
a)Muscleactionsinvariouspatterns,havebeenmentionedthispassageexcept________.
A
contraction
B
flotation
C
flexion
D
extension
第2题
b)Theterm“flexion”refersbendingofajointmuscle,“semiflexion”meanshalfofthebending,while“dorsiflexion”maymean_________.
A
themusclebendinginbackwarddirection
B
themusclebendinginforwarddirection
C
themusclebendinginoutwarddirection
D
noneofabove
第3题
- c) “Plantarflexion”inthepassagemaymeans__________.
A
thebendingofone’sanglesinvariousdirections
B
thebendingofone’sthenarinvariousdirections.
C
thebendingofone’sfiguresinrotativeways
D
thebendingofone’sheadbothforwardandbackward
第4题
d)Inthispassagewecanseethemotionsofvariousmusclesthatareconnected_________.
A
withourmotionalorganssuchasfootandhand
B
withourneuralconnectiveorgans
C
withourcraniumsandupperpartofourbody
D
withthearteryandveinsinourbody
第5题
e)Thelanguageusedinthispassagemaybedescribedas________.
A
instructivewithconceptsinterpretations
B
plainwithfigurativeillustrations
C
complexitywithlogicalanalysisoftheoreticalideas
D
narrativewithdefinitionstospecificterminanatomy
4.基础练习2
第1题
Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.
PRINCIPLESOFPHARMACODYNAMICS
Onceadrugaccessesamolecularsiteofaction,italtersthefunctionofthatmoleculartarget,withtheultimateresultofadrugeffectthatthepatientorphysiciancanperceive.Fordrugsusedintheurgenttreatmentofacutesymptoms,littleornodelayisanticipated(ordesired)betweenthedrug-targetinteractionandthedevelopmentofaclinicaleffect.Examplesincludevascularthrombosis,shock,malignanthypertension,statusepilepticus,orarrhythmias.Formanyconditions,however,theindicationfortherapyislessurgent,andinfactadelaybetweentheinteractionofadrugwithitspharmacologictarget(s)andaclinicaleffectiscommon.Pharmacokineticmechanismsthatcancontributetosuchadelayincludeuptakeintoperipheralcompartmentsorgenerationandaccumulationofactivemetabolites.Acommonpharmacodynamicmechanismisthattheclinicaleffectdevelopsasadownstreamconsequenceoftheinitialmoleculareffectthedrugproduces.Thus,administrationofaproton-pumpinhibitororanH2-receptorblockerproducesanimmediateincreaseingastricpHbutulcerhealingthatisdelayed.Cancerchemotherapyinevitablyproducesdelayedtherapeuticeffects,oftenlongafterdrugisundetectableinplasmaandtissue.Translationofamoleculardrugactiontoaclinicaleffectcanthusbehighlycomplexanddependentonthedetailsofthepathologicstatebeingtreated.Thesecomplexitieshavemadepharmacodynamicsanditsvariabilitylessamenablethanpharmacokineticstorigorousmathematicalanalysis.Nevertheless,someclinicallyimportantprinciplescanbeelucidated.
Atherapeuticdrugeffectassumesthepresenceofunderlyingpathophysiology.Thus,adrugmayproducenoaction,oradifferentspectrumofactions,inunaffectedindividualscomparedtopatients.Further,concomitantdiseasecancomplicateinterpretationofresponsetodrugtherapy,especiallyadverseeffects.Forexample,increasingdyspneainapatientwithchroniclungdiseasereceivingamiodaronetherapycouldbeduetodrug,underlyingdisease,oranintercurrentcardiopulmonaryproblem.Thusthepresenceofchroniclungdisease,andinterpretationofthesymptomofincreasingdyspnea,isonefactorthatshouldbeconsideredinselectionofantiarrhythmictherapies.Similarly,highdosesofanticonvulsantssuchasphenytoinmaycauseneurologicsymptoms,whichmaybeconfusedwiththeunderlyingneurologicdisease.
Theconceptthatadruginteractswithaspecificmolecularreceptordoesnotimplythatthedrugeffectwillbeconstantovertime,evenifstabledrugandmetaboliteconcentrationsaremaintained.Thedrugreceptorinteractionoccursinacomplexbiologicmilieuthatitselfcanvarytomodulatethedrugeffect.Forexample,ionchannelblockadebydrugs,animportantanticonvulsantandantiarrhythmiceffect,isoftenmodulatedbymembranepotential,itselfafunctionoffactorssuchasextracellularpotassiumorischemia.Thus,theeffectsofthesedrugsmayvarydependingontheexternalmilieu.Receptorsmaybeup-ordownregulatedbydiseaseorbythedrugitself.Forexample,adrenergicblockersupregulateß-receptordensityduringchronictherapy.Whilethiseffectdoesnotusuallyresultinresistancetothetherapeuticeffectofthedrugs,itmayproducesevereagonist–mediatedeffects(suchashypertensionortachycardia)iftheblockingdrugisabruptlywithdrawn.
(From:Kasper,etal.Ed;Harrison’sPrinciplesofInternalMedicine16th.©2005,byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Incp18.)
a)Accordingtothepassagethedruginclinicapplicationmayachieveitsefficacyinthefollowingproceduresexcept________.
A
thedrugmoleculeaccessesthesiteofaction
B
thedrugmoleculesareaccumulatedinthebloodstreamrapidly
C
thedrugmoleculealtersthefunctionofthemoleculetarget
D
thedrugmoleculeanddrug-targetinteractiontoformitseffect (B)
第2题
b)Thedelayinactionisknownascommoninthechemotherapyofthesymptom________inclinicpractice.
A
vascularthrombosis
B
statusepilepticus
C
tachyarrhythmia
D
hydronephrosis
第3题
c)Whenadministrationofaproton-pumpinhibitororanH2-receptorblockerproducesanimmediateincreaseingastricpHbutulcerhealingthatisdelayed,because_______.
A
thedrugproducesadownstreamconsequenceoftheinitialmoleculareffect
B
thedrugproducesanafterwardsresultofdelayedeffect
C
thedrugcombinesthetargetreceptorandmakesaprolongedeffect
D
thedrugimpactitseffectonthereceptorcellinanindirectway
第4题
d)Whichofthefollowingmaybethereasonforthenoclinicactionwhenadministratedacertaindrugforaspecificdiseaseorsymptom?
A
Astheunderlyingpathophysiology,asthediseaseandsymptommaycommitdifferentactionstoastrayorrejectthedrugofitsfunctions.
B
Astheunderlyingpathophysiology,thedrugmaytakenoeffectorotherspectrumofactioninaffectedindividualsbutitseffectormoleculeactswithotherfunctionsthanwedesired.
C
Astheunderlyingpathophysiology,thedrugmayreachtoawrongsiteandcombinedwithdifferentreceptorcellthusmadenocliniceffect
D
Astheunderlyingpathophysiology,thedrugmaytakenoeffectorotherspectrumofactioninunaffectedindividualsandtheconcomitantdiseasecancomplicateinterpretationofresponsetodrugtherapy,especiallyadverseeffects.
第5题
- e)
A
clinicefficacy
B
noaction
C
advisereffect
D
allthethree
4.基础练习3
第1题
Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.
Objectivesrelatingtoknowledge
Graduatescompletingbasicmedicaleducationshouldhaveknowledgeofthefollowingareas:
1.Scientificmethodrelevanttobiological,behaviouralandsocialsciencesatalevelsufficienttounderstandthebasisforpresentmedicalpractice,andtoassimilatetheadvancesinknowledgethatwilloccurovertheirworkinglife.
2.Thenormalstructure,functionanddevelopmentofthehumanbodyandmindatallstagesoflife,theinteractionsbetweenbodyandmind,andthefactorsthatmaydisturbthese.
3.Theetiology,pathology,symptomsandsigns,naturalhistory,andprognosisofcommonmentalandphysicalailmentsinchildren,adolescents,adultsandtheaged.(Graduatesshouldhaveadetailedknowledgeoftheconditionsthatrequireurgenttreatmentandthosethatareofparticularlocalsignificance.)
4.Commondiagnosticprocedures,theirusesandlimitations.
5.Managementofcommonconditionsincludingpharmacological,physical,nutritionalandpsychologicaltherapies.
6.Normalpregnancyandchildbirth,themorecommonobstetricalemergencies,theprinciplesofantenatalandpostnatalcare,andmedicalaspectsoffamilyplanning.
7.Theprinciplesofhealtheducation,diseaseprevention,ameliorationofsufferinganddisability,rehabilitation,andthecareofthedying.
8.Culturalandsocialfactorsaffectinghumanrelationships,thepsychologicalwell-beingofpatientsandtheirfamilies,andtheinteractionsbetweenhumansandtheirsocialandphysicalenvironment.
9.Systemsofprovisionofhealthcareincludingtheiradvantagesandlimitations,thecostsassociatedwithhealthcare,theprinciplesofefficientandequitableallocationoffiniteresources,andmethodsofmeetingthehealthcareneedsofdisadvantagedgroupswithinthecommunity.
10.Theprinciplesofethicsthatrelatetohealthcareandthelegalresponsibilitiesofthemedicalprofession.
Objectivesrelatingtoskills
Graduatescompletingbasicmedicaleducationshouldhavedevelopedthefollowingskillstoanappropriatelevelfortheirstageoftraining:
1.Theabilitytotakeatactful,accurate,organizedandproblem-focusedmedicalhistory.
2.Theabilitytoperformanaccuratephysicalandmentalstateexamination.
3.Theabilitytochoosetheappropriateandpracticalclinicalskillstoapplyinagivensituation.
4.Theabilitytointerpretandintegratethehistoryandphysicalexaminationfindingstoarriveatanappropriatediagnosisordifferentialdiagnosis.
5.Theabilitytoselectthemostappropriateandcost-effectivediagnosticprocedures.
6.Theabilitytoformulateamanagementplan,andtoplanmanagementinconcertwiththepatient.
7.Theabilitytocommunicateclearly,consideratelyandsensitivelywithpatients,relatives,doctors,nurses,otherhealthprofessionalsandthecommunity.
8.Theabilitytocounselsensitivelyandeffectively,andtoprovideinformationinamannerthatensurespatientsandfamiliescanbetrulyinformedwhenconsentingtoanyprocedure.
9.Theabilitytorecognizeseriousillnessandtoperformcommonemergencyandlife-savingproceduressuchascaringfortheunconsciouspatientandcardiopulmonaryresuscitation.
10.Theabilitytointerpretmedicalevidenceinacriticalandscientificmanner,andtouselibrariesandotherinformationresourcestopursueindependentinquiryrelatingtomedicalproblems.
Objectivesrelatingtoattitudesastheyaffectprofessionalbehaviour
Duringbasicmedicaleducation,studentsshouldacquirethefollowingprofessionalattitudes,whichareregardedasfundamentaltomedicalpractice:
1.Respectforeveryhumanbeing,withanappreciationofthediversityofhumanbackgroundandculturalvalues.
2.Anappreciationofthecomplexityofethicalissuesrelatedtohumanlifeanddeathincludingtheallocationofscarceresources.
3.Adesiretoeasepainandsuffering.
4.Anawarenessoftheneedtocommunicatewithpatientsandtheirfamilies,andtoinvolvethemfullyinplanningmanagementoftheircondition.
5.Adesiretoachievetheoptimalpatientcarefortheleastcosttoallowmaximumbenefitfromtheavailableresources.
6.Recognitionthatthehealthinterestsofthepatientandthecommunityareparamount.
7.Awillingnesstoworkeffectivelyinateamwithotherhealthcareprofessionals.
8.Anappreciationoftheresponsibilitytomaintainstandardsofmedicalpracticeatthehighestpossiblelevelthroughoutaprofessionalcareer.
9.Anappreciationoftheneedtorecognizewhenaclinicalproblemexceedstheircapacitytodealwithitsafelyandefficientlyandoftheneedtoreferthepatientforhelpfromotherswhenthisoccurs.
10.Arealizationthatitisnotalwaysintheinterestsofpatientsortheirfamiliestodoeverythingwhichistechnicallypossibletomakeaprecisediagnosisortoattempttomodifythecourseofanillness.
FromWorldHealthOrganizationWesternPacificRegion(2001),WHOGuidelinesforQualityAssuranceofBasicMedicalEducationintheWesternPacificRegion
a)Accordingtothepassagemedicaleducationqualitysystemmayincludingallofthefollowingaspectsofcompetencesbut__________.
A
masteringtheknowledgesthatrelatedtomedicalpracticeinallaspectsofbiologicsciencesandmedicines,humanitiesandsocialscience
B
masteringtheskillsthatrelatedtoclinicpractice,communicationandmakinguseofrespectiveinformation
C
understandingtheconceptsaboutmedicinethatmayfocusoninterpretationofhumanhimselfandtherelationswiththeworldaround
D
developtheattitudetowardtheirfutureprofessionandwhichmayaffecttheirbehaviourslater
第2题
b)Inthefirstsection,wecanlearnthattherequiredknowledgesamedicalstudentshouldmastermayconsist________________.
A
thenaturalprocessesofhumanindividualandthediseasesaswellashowtodealwiththem
B
thesourcesthatcauseourdiseasesoraliments
C
therelationsbetweenindividualandsocialcommunitythatmaydecideyoursocialstatus
D
theprinciplesofnatureandtheearththatmayaffectourlifeandtheenvironment
第3题
c)Systemsofprovisionofhealthcaremayhavethecontentsof________.
A
howmuchourhealthmaycost
B
howtomakefulluseofthemedicalresourcesforthepeopleatlarge
C
methodsformakeuseofthehealthfacilitates
D
allabove
第4题
d)Theabilitytocounselsensitivelyandeffectively,andtoprovideinformationshouldbe_____________.
A
contentedtotheneedsanddemandsofthepatientandthefamily
B
franklyandobjectivelytoensurethecolleaguesfortheircase
C
trulyandobjectivelyandtacticallyforthepatientandhisfamily
D
decisivelyandabsolutelyforthecaseoftreatmentprocedures
第5题
e)Inthecareerofmedicine,apersonshould_________allhumanbeing,asthefoundationofhis/hermoral,regardlessoftheirnationality,genderandsocialstatus.
A
appreciate
B
understand
C
considerate
D
respect
第6题
Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.
Diabetesself-managementeducationandsupport(DSME/S)providesthefoundationtohelppeoplewithdiabetestonavigatethesedecisionsandactivitiesandhasbeenshowntoimprovehealthoutcomes.1-7Diabetesself-managementeducation(DSME)istheprocessoffacilitatingtheknowledge,skill,andabilitynecessaryfordiabetesself-care.Diabetesself-managementsupport(DSMS)referstothesupportthatisrequiredforimplementingandsustainingcopingskillsandbehaviorsneededtoself-manageonanongoingbasis.Althoughdifferentmembersofthehealthcareteamandcommunitycancontributetothisprocess,itisimportantforhealthcareprovidersandtheirpracticeset-tingstohavetheresourcesandasystematicreferralprocesstoensurethatpatientswithtype2diabetesreceivebothDSMEandDSMSinaconsistentmanner.TheinitialDSMEistypicallyprovidedbyahealthprofessional,whereasongoingsupportcanbeprovidedbypersonnelwithinapracticeandavarietyofcommunity-basedresources.DSME/Sprogramsaredesignedtoaddressthepatient’shealthbeliefs,culturalneeds,currentknowledge,physicallimitations,emotionalconcerns,familysupport,financialstatus,medicalhistory,healthliteracy,numeracy,andotherfactorsthatinfluenceeachperson’sabilitytomeetthechallengesofself-management.
Thenumberofpeoplewithtype2diabeteswhoreceiveDSME/S(DiabetesSelf-managementEducationandSupport),despiteitsprovenbenefits,islow.Forexample,only6.8%ofindividualswithnewlydiagnosedtype2diabeteswithprivatehealthinsuranceparticipatedinDSME/Swithin12monthsofdiagnosis.66Furthermore,only4%ofMedicareparticipantsreceivedDSME/Sand/orMNT.4ToincreasethenumberofindividualswithdiabeteswhoreceiveDSME/Sservicesdescribedinthispositionstatement,itisnecessarytoconsiderthebarriersthatcurrentlylimitprovision.Barriersareassociatedwithanumberoffactors,includingthehealthsystem,theindividualhealthcareprofessional,communityresources,andtheindividualwithdiabetes.BarrierscanincludeamisunderstandingofthenecessityandeffectivenessofDSME/S,confusionregardingwhenandhowtomakereferrals,lackofaccesstoDSME/Sservices,andpatientpsychosocialandbehavioralfactors.67ProvidermisconceptionsthatcanlimitaccesstoDSME/Sincludeamisunderstandingofreimbursementissuesandthemisconceptionthatoneorafewinitialeducationvisitsareadequatetoprovidepatientswiththeskillsneededforlifelongself-management.LackoforpoorreimbursementforDSME/Salsocanhamperpatients’participation.EvenwhenDSME/Sprogramsareoperatingatpeakservice,theyoftenstruggletocovercosts—makingiteasytoeliminateprogramsdespitetheirwiderinfluenceonreducingcostsandimprovinghealthoutcomes.13
Althoughpeoplewithdiabetesreportwantingtobeactivelyengagedintheirhealthcare,mostindicatethattheyarenotactivelyengagedbytheirprovidersandthateducationandpsychologicalservicesarenotreadilyavailable.68InordertoenhancepatientandfamilyengagementinDSME/S,providercommunicationaboutthenecessityofself-managementtoachievetreatmentandquality-of-lifegoalsandtheessentialnatureofbothDSMEandongoingsupportthroughoutalifetimeofdiabetesisessential.
Removingbarrierstoaccessandincreasingqualitycarecanbeachievedbyusingdatatocoordinatecareandbuildworkforcecapacity.69TheUShealthcareparadigmischangingwithincreasedattentiononprimarycarepractices,technology,andqualitymeasures.70
StudieshaveshownthatimplementingDSMEprogramsthatdirectlyconnectwithprimarycareandrelyontechnologyiseffectiveinimprovingclinical,psychosocial,andbehavioraloutcomes.16,71-74Patientsreceivingcareinthesepracticesettingsreportmoreconfidenceinprovidercommunicationandsatisfactionwithdirectaccesstoaneducatorforinformationandongoingsupport.16Despitetheprovenvalueandeffectivenessofdiabeteseducationandsupportservices,oneofthebiggestloomingthreatstotheirsuccessislowutilization,whichhasrecentlyforcedmanysuchprogramstoclose.ThecurrentreimbursementmodelandmandateforproviderreferralswillcontinuetobelimitingfactorsforaccesstoandparticipationinDSME/S.Thehealthcarecommunityneedsprocessesthatsupportreferralsandreimbursementpractices;otherwise,itwillbeincreasinglymoredifficulttosustainDSME/Sservices.Attentiontothesechallengesneedstobemettoprovideaccessparticularlyforareassuchasruralandunderservedcommunities.
From“MargaretA.Powers,etal(2015)DiabetesSelf-managementEducationandSupportinType2Diabetes:TheDiabetesEDUCATORVolumeXX,NumberX,Month2015
Fillintheblankswithappropriatechoicefromthefourgivenbelowtoformanewmedicalterm.
a)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A
TheStatuswithDSME/SAmongtheType2DiabetesPatients
B
HowtoHelpType2DiabetesPatientswithDSME/S
C
BenefitsAssociatedWithDSME/S
D
OvercomingBarriersThatLimitAccessandReceiptofDSME/S.
第7题
- b) DSME/Sprograms,accordingtothepassage,havethefunctionof___________.
A
helpingtonavigatethesedecisionsandactivitiessoastoimprovehealthoutcomes
B
providingthetype2diabetespatientswithspecificmonitoringprograms
C
helpingthefamilyoftype2patientstounderstandhowimprovethetheirhealthoutcomes
D
makingthepublicunderstandhowthetype2diabetesmayaffecttheirlife.
第8题
- c) percentagesparticipantswithtype2diabetesreceivedtheDSME/SprogramorMNT.
A
6.8and12
B
4and12
C
6.8and4
D
4and6.8
第9题
d)Accordingtothepassage,BarriersfortheDSME/Sprogrammaybeinvolveswithanumberof.factors,includingthehealthsystem,theindividualhealthcareprofessional,____________,andtheindividualwithdiabetes.
A
communityfacilitiesandfinancialsupports
B
thesocialbasisforpeopletoaccepttheideaofDSME/Sprogram
C
thecommunity’scooperationincarryingouttheprogram
D
thecitizen’sviewonreceivetheDSME/Sprogram
第10题
e)Althoughdiabetespatientshavetheirdesiretobeactivelyengagedintheirhealthcare,mostindicatethattheyare_________sotheprogramprovidercommunicationwiththemandtheirfamilyaboutthebenefitsofDSME/Sisessential.
A
disappointedabouttheirquostatusandtheresultsoftheirhealthcareprogram
B
notactivelyengagedbytheirprovidersandthateducationandpsychologicalservicesarenotreadilyavailable
C
notsureabouttheDSME/Sprogramandmisunderstandingofitsconcepts
D
uncertainaboutthefinancialproblemthattheprogramwillcost
5.CommunicationinClinicMedicines（医学临
第1题
Roleplaythisvideo.Youaresupposedtoimitateormimiceverythinginit,suchaspronunciation,intonation,tunes,vocalinflection,tone,bodylanguageandfacialexpression,etc.
Fillinthefollowingdialogueswithappropriatewordsandthentrytopracticethemwithyourfriends
D:Sitdown,please.What’swrongwithyou?
P:I’msufferingfrom（1）andacidregurgitation.WhenIdophysicalexertionorliedown,Ifeelworse,andIhaveachestpain.
D:Whendidyoubegintonoticethatyourbodyis（2）function?
P:Abouttwomonthsago.
D:Didyoutakeanyexaminationduringthisperiod?
P:No,Ididn’t.IthoughtthatIwouldbewellsoon.
D:Well,canyou（3）theprocess?Orinotherwords,tellmehowitislikeatthebeginning,andthenhowitistodevelop.
P:Atfirst,thesymptomsaredysphagiadifficultyin（4）,vomitingandthenweightloss,nowheartburnandacidregurgitationseriously.
D:Doyouhaveasleepdysfunctionandloseyourusualwork（5）?
P:Yes,Ido.
D:Wouldyoupleaselieonthebedandletmegiveyouabriefexamination?
P:WhatamIsufferingfrom,doctor?
D:Accordingtoyour（6）,youhavemostprobablygotGastroesophagealrefluxdisease(GERD).Isuggestyou~haveagastroscopeexaminationandameasuringofpressureofesophagus.
P:Isthediseaseserious,doctor?
D:No,notsoserious,buta（7）battle.NowIwanttotellyousomethinglaboutGERD.Effectiveacidcontrolisimportantincuringprocessing.ForeffectivemanagementofGERD,thekeyaimoftreatmentistomaintainthe（8）contentsabovepH4foraslongaspossible.Protonpumpinhibitors(PPIs)haveproventobethemosteffectivemedicationformaintainpHcontrolandarerecommendedintheinternationalguidelinesonthe（9）ofGERDasfirst-linetreatmentforpatientswithGERD.However,GERDisachronicconditionandthemajorityofpatientswillsufferasymptomaticrelapsewithl2-3monthsofcessationoftheinitialtherapy.MostpatientswithGERDthereforerequirelong-termmanagement,andinternationalguidelinesrecommenda’stepdown’fromtheinitialhealingdoseofPPIinordertomaintainfreedomfrom（10）andesophagitis.Freedomfromsymptomsduringlong-termtreatmentisagoodpredictoroftheabsenceofesophagitis.Sodowhatthedoctorswantyoutostrictly,andthenyou’llgetbettergradually.
P:OK,Imust.Thankyouverymuch,doctor.
1
A
heartburn
B
heartbreaker
C
heart-felt
D
heart-throb
第2题
2
A
within
B
onto
C
behindfrom
D
outof
第3题
3
A
express
B
describe
C
display
D
demonstrate
第4题
4
A
swabbing
B
swigging
C
swallowing
D
swopped
第5题
5
A
productivity
B
makeup
C
effectivity
D
efficiency
第6题
6
A
casebook
B
illnesshistory
C
history
D
casehistory
第7题
7
A
long-running
B
long-term
C
long-range
D
long-legged
第8题
8
A
lung
B
stomach
C
liver
D
kidney
第9题
9
A
management
B
control
C
arrangement
D
measure
第10题
10
A
phenomenon
B
sign
C
symptoms
D
indication
6.BalanceBetweenChineseandEnglish:M
第1题
Readthefollowpassageandthencompletethefollowingsentenceswithappropriatewords.MODELSOFCULTURALHEALTHBELIEFSDifferentculturalgroupshavediversebeliefsystemswithregardtohealthandhealingincomparisontotheWesternbiomedicalmodelofmedicine.Thesebeliefsystemsmayincludedifferentdiseasemodels,wellness/illnessparadigms(e.g.,Chinesemedicine,magico-religiousthinking),variousculturally-specificdiseasesanddisorders,feelingsabouthealthcareprovidersandseekingWesternizedhealthcare,andtheuseoftraditionalandindigenoushealthcarepracticesandapproaches.Helmansuggeststhatpeopleattributecausesofillnessto:1)factorswithinindividualsthemselves(e.g.,badhabitsornegativeemotionalstates);2)factorswithinthenaturalenvironment(e.g.,pollutionandgerms);3)factorsassociatedwithothersorthesocialworld(e.g.,interpersonalstress,medicalfacilities,andactionsofothers);and4)supernaturalfactorsincludingGod,destiny,andindigenousbeliefssuchaswitchcraftorvoodoo.Westernerstendtoattributethecauseofillnesstotheindividualorthenaturalworldwhereasindividualsfromnon-industrializednationsaremorelikelytoexplainillnessasaresultofsocialandsupernaturalcauses.InastudycomparingAfricanAmericans,LatinosandPacificIslanderswithWhiteAmericansoncausalattributionsofillness,theethnicminoritygroupsratedsupernaturalbeliefsassignificantlymoreimportantthanWhiteAmericans.Therewasnodifferencebetweenthegroupsaboutillnesscausationduetointerpersonalstress,lifestyle,environmentandchance.StaintonRogersdescribeseight“theories”thatpeopleuseasabasisinthinkingabouthealthandillness:bodyasmachine,bodyundersiege,inequalityofaccess,culturalcritique,healthpromotion,robustindividualism,God’spower,andwillpower.InastudyofBritishlayperceptionsonhealthandrecoveryfromillness,Furnhamfoundthatstrengthofreligiousbeliefstendtopredictfatalisticorsupernaturalhealth-relatedbeliefs;olderpeopleandthosewithleftwingpoliticalbeliefsweremorelikelytoemphasizeexternalcausesandcuresforillness;andpeoplewhobelievedinalternativemedicineweremorelikelytoendorsecontrollableorinternalcausesofhealth,illnessandrecoveryandlesslikelytobelieveinfatalisticorexternalcauses.Overall,theBritishparticipantsemphasizedpsychologicalandbehavioraldeterminantsofhealthandillness.FurnhamalsoexaminedhealthbeliefsacrossthethreeculturesofBritain,UgandaandSouthAfricaandfoundthattheAfricanparticipantsweremorelikelytoattributeillnessto“evilothers”butallofthegroupsratedinterpersonalstressasapotentialsourceofillness.TheBritishparticipantsratedfatalisticfactorsasextremelyunimportantwhilebothAfricangroupsratedthemasamarginallyimportantcontributortoillness.CULTURALPRACTICESOFHEALTHANDHEALINGAllcultureshavediseasetheorysystemswhichincludeattributionalconceptstoexplainillnesscausality.Threecommonlyheldparadigmsofdiseaseacrossculturesarenaturalistic,personalisticandemotionalistic.Naturalisticdiseasetheoriesexplaindiseaseinobjective,scientifictermsandhavethecoreconceptthatillnessoccurswhenthebodyisoutofbalance.Forinstance,theWesternbio-medicalmodelviewsdiseaseasoriginatinginsidethebodyduetoaspecific,identifiable“medical”causeorpathogen(viral,bacterial,etc.).Inthetraditionalbiomedicalmodel,thepathogensneedtobeeradicatedsothatthepersoniswithoutdiseaseandonlythenaretheyconsideredhealthy.ThehumoralsystemisanothernaturalisticdiseasetheoryoriginatingfromGreekandRomanphilosophersandpopularizedbyHippocrates.AccordingtoHippocrates,thebodycontainsfourelements(humors):blood,phlegm,yellowbileandblackbileandhealthcomesfromanequalbalanceofthefourhumors.Inthistheory,healingoccursbyrestoringtheproperbalanceofhumorsthroughremoval(bleeding,starvation)orreplacing(specialdiets,medicine)thedeficiency.Personalisticdiseasetheoryattributesillnesstointerventionbyanagentsuchasanotherhuman,witch,sorcerer,non-human,orsupernaturalforce.Emotionalisticdiseasetheoriesexplainillnessascausedbystrongemotionalstates(e.g.,intenseanger,jealousy,shame,grieforfright).Thepersonalisticandemotionalisticdiseasetheoriesareeasilyappliedtopatientsofnon-Westernculturalbackgroundswhoarefamiliarwithandhavefaithinthemedicalbeliefsandpracticesfromtheirowncultures.Thesehealthattributionsandbeliefs,however,aresignificantlydifferentfromthoseofWesternmedicine.SomeAsianculturesbelieveintheyinandyangprincipleinwhichthereisabalancebetweenoppositeforces(e.g.positiveandnegative,lightanddark,hotandcold)thatreflectthedifferencebetweenhealthandillness.Othersbelievethatillnessesarecausedbyspiritsorghosts.Inordertomoreeffectivelytreatnaturalistic,personalistic,andemotionalisticaspectsofillness,therehasbeenanincreasinginterestandtraininginosteopathicmedicineandcomplementaryandalternativemedicineinNorthAmericaandEurope(seeforexample,thearticlebyGrossoehmeetal.inthissupplement).Twowell-knownculturalsystemsofmedicineandhealingconsideredtobealternativebyWest-ernstandardsofmedicineareChineseMedicineandAyurvedicMedicine.TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)isbasedontheconceptthatthehumanbodyhasinterconnectedsystems/channels(meridians)thatneedtostaybalancedinordertomaintainhealth.TCMhealingpracticesincludeherbalmedicine,acupuncture,dietarytherapy,andShiatsumassage.Qigong(breathingandmeditationpractice)isalsocloselyassociatedwithTCM.AyurvedicMedicineisnativetoIndia.TheAyurvedicsystemisbasedontheideathateveryhumancontainsauniquecombinationofDoshas(thethreesubstancesofwind/spirit/air,bile,andphlegm)thatmustbebalancedforhealth.Inaddition,healthymetabolism,digestion,andexcretionarethoughttobevitalfunctionsofthebody.SimilartoTCM,AyurvedicMedicinealsousesherbs,massage,meditationandYogaashealingpractices.TheWesternworldhasbecomemoreinterestedinalternativehealingpracticessuchasacupuncture,homeopathy,herbalmedicines,andspiritualhealing.Dependingonthemodelofhealthandculturalhealthbeliefs,thereareavarietyofpossibilitiesforthetreatmentapproach.a)Differentculturalgroupshavediverse____withregardtohealthandhealingincomparisontotheWestern____modelofmedicine.
正确答案：:[
“beliefsystems”
]
写作与学术写作
第1题
1.ForbasicrequirementReadthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercisesgivenbelow:Howisacademicwritingdifferenttootherkindsofwriting?Insomeways,writingatuniversity(i.e.academicwriting)issimilartootherstylesofwriting–e.g.businessorprofessionalwriting.Forexample,academicwritingisgenerallyquiteformalandimpersonal.Itisformalbyavoidingcasualor‘conversational’language,suchascontractionsorinformalvocabulary.Itisimpersonalandobjectivebyavoidingdirectreferencetopeopleorfeelings,andinsteademphasizingobjects,factsandideas.Forexample:”donot”ismoreformalthan”don’t””verylarge”ismoreformalthan”huge””Thisstudywillinvestigatewhether…”ismoreobjectivethan”Iwanttoprovetoyouthat…”However,evenifyoualreadyhavegoodskillsforwritinginaformalandobjectivestyle,thatmightnotbeenoughforgoodacademicwriting.Thisisforthreereasons.First,youalsohavetowritetechnically.Thismeansthatyouneedtodevelopalargevocabularyfortheconceptsandobjectswhicharespecifictoyourdiscipline(s)ofstudy–e.g.linguistics,physics,accounting.Moreover,youwillneedtokeepdevelopingyourtechnicalvocabularyforthespecializedareaswithineachdiscipline.Forexample,withinthedisciplineoflinguistics,therearedifferenttechnicalvocabulariesforthefieldsofphonology,pragmaticsandsociolinguistics.Secondly,foreachdifferentdiscipline,therearenotonlydifferencesinvocabulary,butalsoinstyle.Forexample,somedisciplines(e.g.someoftheArtsandHumanitiesdisciplines)expectlongerparagraphs,whichincludetopicsentencestoshowhowyourargumentisstructured.Incontrast,somedisciplines(e.g.Sciences)expectshortparagraphs,withnotopicsentences,whicharedenserinfactualinformation.Asanotherexample,somedisciplineswillacceptmoresubjectivity(e.g.“Myviewisthat…”)whileotherdisciplinesavoidanyuseofpersonalpronouns(e.g.I,my,you,we)Finally,youneedtousenotonlytherightstylebutalsotherightstructure.Sometypesoftext,suchasanessay,havethesamebasicstructureinalldisciplines.However,therearesomegenreswhichhaveadifferentstructureineachdiscipline(e.g.acasestudy,areport).Therearealsogenreswhichareonlyusedinonespecificdiscipline(e.g.alegalproblemanswer,aproof).Therearemanyonlineresources,workshopsandbooksaboutacademicwriting,whichcanhelpyoudevelopyourgeneralskillsandknowledge.However,tobeagoodacademicwriter,youwillalsoneedtokeeplearningthespecificstylesandstructuresforyoursubjectarea,aswellasforeachindividualwritingtask.Somewaystodothisareto:askformoreinformationfromyourlecturer/supervisor/tutortalktootherstudentslookatthesuccessfulwritingbyotherstudentsinyoursubjectareastudythewritingstyleoftheacademicarticlesinthemostprestigiousjournalsinyourdiscipline.http://sydney.edu.au/stuserv/learning_centre/help/styleStructure/st_academicWriting.shtmlNow,completethefollowingsentencesbyfillintheblankswithappropriatewordsorphrasesthatcanbefoundinthetext.a)Academicwritingisgenerallyquite____________anditisformalbyavoidingcasualor‘conversational’language,suchascontractionsorinformalvocabulary.____
第2题
b)Evenifyoualreadyhavegoodskillsforwritinginaformaland_______________,thatmightnotbeenoughforgoodacademicwriting.____
第3题
c)Inacademicwriting,youneedtodevelop____________________fortheconceptsandobjectswhicharespecifictoyourdiscipline(s)ofstudy–e.g.linguistics,physics,accounting.____
第4题
d)IncontrastofwritingsintheArtsandHumanitiesdisciplines,academicwritinginsomedisciplines(e.g.Sciences)expect_______________,withnotopicsentences,whicharedenserinfactualinformation.____
第5题
e)Asanotherexample,somedisciplineswillacceptmoresubjectivity(e.g.“Myviewisthat…”)whileotherdisciplinesavoidany(e.g.I,my,you,we).____
第6题
f)Sometypesoftext,suchasanessay,havethesamebasicstructureinalldisciplines.However,therearesomegenreswhichhavea________________ineachdiscipline(e.g.acasestudy,areport).____
第7题
g)However,tobeagoodacademicwriter,youwillalsoneedtokeeplearning____________andstructuresforyoursubjectarea,aswellasforeachindividualwritingtask.____
9.communicationandMedicalStudy–基础训练
第1题
Forbasiccourserequirement
Inthissectionyouareaskedtoreadapassageandthendotheexercisesgivenbelow.
Healthcommunicationisthestudyanduseofcommunicationstrategiestoinformandinfluencechoicespeoplemakeabouttheirhealth.Healthinformationtechnologyincludesdigitaltoolsandservicesusedtoenhancepatients’self-care,assistinpatient-providercommunication,informhealthbehaviorsanddecisions,preventhealthcomplications,andpromotehealthequity.Messagesaresharedthroughchannelssuchasmassmedia,printmaterials,socialmedia,mobilephoneapplications(apps),e-mail,textmessaging,telehealthservices,andface-to-faceconversations.Healthcommunicationandhealthinformationtechnologyenableshealthprofessionalsandthepublictosearchfor,understand,andusehealthinformationtosignificantlyimpacttheirhealthdecisionsandactions.¹
Thisfactsheetprovidesproveninterventionstrategies—includingprogramsandservices—todevelopsuccessfulhealthcommunicationandhealthinformationtechnologyinterventions.Itcanhelpdecisionmakersinbothpublicandprivatesectorsmakechoicesaboutwhatinterventionstrategiesarebestfortheircommunities.ThisfactsheetsummarizesinformationinTheCommunityGuide,anessentialevidence-basedresourceofwhatworksinpublichealth.
lUsetheinformationinthisfactsheettohelpselectinterventionstrategiesyoucanuseinyourcommunity.
lCombinehealthcommunicationstrategieswithotherinterventionstoincreaseawarenessandencourageappropriatehealthbehaviors,suchasgettingcancerscreening,receivingrecommendedvaccinations,andreducingtobaccouse.
lDevelopinteractivedigitalinterventionstoimprovebloodpressurecontrolusingdigitaldevicesthatprovidepersonalized,automatedguidanceonbloodpressureself-management.
lCombineactivitymonitorswithinterventionsthatincludebehavioralinstructionthroughgroup-basedorweb-basededucationtoincreasephysicalactivity.
lImplementtextmessaginginterventionstoincreasemedicationadherenceamongpatientswithchronicmedicalconditions.
lDeveloptelehealthinterventionsthatuseelectronicordigitalmediatoimprovecareamongadultswhohavediet-affectedchronicdiseases.
lImplementdiabetesself-managementmobilephoneappswithinhealthcaresystemstoimprovebloodglucose.
1.Healthinformationtechnologyincludesdigitaltoolsandservicesusedto（ ）patients’self-care,assistinpatient-providercommunication,informhealthbehaviorsanddecisions,preventhealthcomplications,andpromotehealthequity.
A
withdraw
B
interpret
C
rehearse
D
enhance
第2题
Healthcommunicationandhealthinformationtechnologyenableshealthprofessionalsandthepublictosearchfor,（ ）,andusehealthinformationtosignificantlyimpacttheirhealthdecisionsandactions.
A
foundout
B
understand
C
impose
D
exert
第3题
３.Itcanhelpdecisionmakersinbothpublicandprivatesectorsmake（ ）aboutwhatinterventionstrategiesarebestfortheircommunities.
A
choices
B
option
C
selection
D
decision
第4题
Combinehealthcommunicationstrategieswithotherinterventionstoincreaseawarenessandencourageappropriatehealth（ ）,suchasgettingcancerscreening,receivingrecommendedvaccinations,andreducingtobaccouse.
A
action
B
behaviors
C
problems
D
performance
第5题
Developtelehealthinterventionsthatuse（ ）ordigitalmediatoimprovecareamongadultswhohavediet-affectedchronicdiseases.
A
electronic
B
computing
C
numerous
D
internet
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