EPPM3123 SAINS PENGURUSAN – ASSIGNMENT GROUP GA04623, GA04640, GA04646, GA04664

FAKULTI EKONOMI DAN PENGURUSAN

SET L1 SEM 1 SESI 2020/2021

KOD & NAMA KURSUS:

EPPM3123 SAINS PENGURUSAN

PROJEK BERKUMPULAN:

ASSIGNMENT ALGORITHM TASK, NETWORK MODELS

& BUSINESS WRITING EXERCISE

NAMA AHLI KUMPULAN	NO MATRIK
ISMAL HANIF BIN MOHD GHAZALI	GA04623
NURHIZDAWATEE BINTI HILMI	GA04640
PUTRI NAZATUL AQIRRAH BINTI PUTRA ZUL AZREIN	GA04646
NURZAFIRAH BINTI KHAIRI	GA04664

DISEDIAKAN UNTUK: LT KDR (B) TLDM DR LOKHMAN HAKIM OSMAN

Table Summary of Fix-It Assignment Alternatives and Costs

PROJECT				LABOR COSTS ($)	TOTAL COSTS ($)
1	2	3	4
MARY	ELIZABETH	STEVEN	JOSHUA	45 + 45 + 70 + 40	200
MARY	STEVEN	JOSHUA	ELIZABETH	45 + 40 + 40 +43	168
MARY	JOSHUA	ELIZABETH	STEVEN	45 + 35 + 53 + 46	179
ELIZABETH	MARY	STEVEN	JOSHUA	50 + 32 + 70 + 40	192
ELIZABETH	STEVEN	JOSHUA	MARY	50 + 40 + 40 + 55	185
ELIZABETH	JOSHUA	MARY	STEVEN	50 + 35 + 49 + 46	180
STEVEN	MARY	ELIZABETH	JOSHUA	52 + 32 + 53 + 40	177
STEVEN	ELIZABETH	JOSHUA	MARY	52 + 45 + 40 + 55	192
STEVEN	JOSHUA	MARY	ELIZABETH	52 + 35 + 49 +43	179
JOSHUA	MARY	ELIZABETH	STEVEN	60 + 32 + 53 + 46	191
JOSHUA	ELIZABETH	STEVEN	MARY	60 + 45 + 70 +55	230
JOSHUA	STEVEN	MARY	ELIZABETH	60 + 40 + 49 +43	192

Row Opportunity Cost Table For The Fix-It Shop Step 1, Part (a)

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1	2	3	4
MARY	$45 – $32 = $13	$32 – $32 = $0	$49 – $32 = $17	$55 – $32 = $23
ELIZABETH	$50 – $43 = $7	$45 – $43 = $2	$53 – $43 = $10	$43 – $43 = $0
STEVEN	$52 – $40 = $12	$40 – $40 = $0	$70 – $40 = $30	$46 – $40 = $6
JOSHUA	$60 – $35 = $25	$35 – $35 = $0	$40 – $35 = $5	$40 – $35 = $5

Total Opportunity Cost Table For The Fix-It Shop Step 1, Part (b)

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1	2	3	4
MARY	$13 – $7 = $6	$32 – $32 = $0	$17 – $5 = $12	$55 – $32 = $23
ELIZABETH	$7 – $7 = $0	$45 – $43 = $2	$10 – $5 = $5	$43 – $43 = $0
STEVEN	$12 – $7 = $5	$40 – $40 = $0	$30 – $5 = $25	$46 – $40 = $6
JOSHUA	$25 – $7 = $18	$35 – $35 = $0	$5 – $5 = $0	$40 – $35 = $5

Total Test For Optimal Solution To Fix-It Shop Problem

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1	2		3	4
MARY	$6	$0		$12	$23
ELIZABETH	$0	$	2	$5	$0
STEVEN	$5	$0		$25	$6
JOSHUA	$8	$0		$0	$5

Revised Opportunity Cost Table For The Fit-It Shop Problem

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1	2	3	4
MARY	$13 – $7 = $6 – $5 = $1	$32 – $32 = $0	$17 – $5 = $12 – $5 = $7	$55 – $32 = $23 – $5 = $18
ELIZABETH	$7 – $7 = $0	$45 – $43 = $2 + $5 = $7	$10 – $5 = $5 – $5 = $0	$43 – $43 = $0
STEVEN	$12 – $7 = $5 – $5 = $0	$40 – $40 = $0	$30 – $5 = $25 – $5 = $20	$46 – $40 = $6 – $5 = $1
JOSHUA	$25 – $7 = $18 – $5 = $13	$35 – $35 = $0	$5 – $5 = $0	$40 – $35 = $5 – $5 = $0

Optimality Test on the Revised Fix-It Shop Opportunity Cost Table

$

$

2

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1		2			3		4
MARY	$	1	$		0	$7		$		18
ELIZABETH		0		$	7	$	0		$	0
STEVEN
		0	$		0	$	0	$		1
JOSHUA	$	13	$		0	$0		$		0

Making the Final Fix-It Shop Assignments

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1	2	3	4
MARY	$13 – $7 = $6 – $5 = $1 – $1 = $0	$32 – $32 = $0	$17 – $5 = $12 – $5 = $7 – $1 = $6	$55 – $32 = $23 – $5 = $18 – $1 = $17
ELIZABETH	$7 – $7 = $0	$45 – $43 = $2 + $5 = $7 – $1 = $1	$10 – $5 = $5 – $5 = $0	$43 – $43 = $0
STEVEN	$12 – $7 = $5 – $5 = $0	$40 – $40 = $0	$30 – $5 = $25 – $5 = $20 – $1 = $19	$46 – $40 = $6 – $5 = $1 – $1 = 0
JOSHUA	$25 – $7 = $18 – $5 = $13 – $1 = $12	$35 – $35 = $0	$5 – $5 = $0	$40 – $35 = $5 – $5 = $0

1

$

$

1

EMPLOYEE	PROJECT
	1		2		3		4
MARY	$	0	$	0	$	6	$	7
ELIZABETH		0	$	6	$	0	$	0
STEVEN		0	$	0	$	9	$	0
JOSHUA	$	12	$	0	$	0	$	0

Assignment	Rating Costs ($)
Mary to Project 1	45
Elizabeth to Project 3	53
Steven to Project 2	40
Joshua to Project 4	40
Total	178

ASSIGNMENT NETWORK MODELS

1) Given a network with the following distances:

From Node	To Node	Distance
1	2	4
1	3	1
2	3	2
2	4	3
3	4	6
3	5	3
3	6	9
4	5	7
5	6	5

(a) Determine which nodes should be connected to get the minimum distance from Nodes 1 through 6.

4

3

4

1

2

7

3

3

5

5

9

6

Connect 1-3-5-6

Minimum distance = 9

The total distance found by adding up the distance in the arcs used in the spanning tree 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 5 = 14 (or 1,400 feet)

2) Pipeline fluid flows are indicated below. Determine the maximum flow from Node 1 to Node 4.

From Node	To Node	Fluid Flow
1	2	400
2	1	0
1	4	200
4	1	200
1	3	200
3	1	0
2	4	200
4	2	200
3	4	300
4	3	300

200

400

2

1

200

300

200

200

200

4

300

3

PATH	FLOW
1-2-4	400
1-3-4	200
TOTAL	600

BUSSINESS WRITING EXERCISE

NETWORK MODELS

1. You must decide which of several sites will be best for the location of a third restaurant in the company’s chain in a suburb of a medium-sized city. Compose an email to your employee, Jim Watson, outlining the information you will need from him before you can analyze the location alternatives.

Date : 8th February 2021, Mon

From :

To :

Subject : Information For Location Alternatives

Dear Mr. Jim Watson,

According to me, from my employee I would be needed following information to decide the site for the third restaurant in a suburb of a medium-sized city:-

1. Need of facility location (factory location, plant location)

2. Factor affecting plant location

3. General procedure in facility location

An established company might need the factory location planning for following reason:

i. The availability and cost of resources like labor, raw materials and other supporting resources may change.

ii. The geography of demand may shift. It may be desirable to change facility location to provide before service to the customer.

iii. As the new market is opened, the added capacity should be located so that the market is served effectively.

iv. Development of new technologies.

v. Socio-political situations, economic conditions or government policy may change.

Facility location planning is more important for new enterprises. The success of organization is also dependent on the location decision. Wrong location decision may doom the business and its existence forever. However, it is very difficult to find ideal and perfect location for any business. So, there is need to analyze the various factors affecting the plant location and take help of mathematical modeling technique to determine the best location decision.

The production function is associated with conversion of input to desired output by using the appropriate technology i.e. conversion process. The inputs are fed to conversion process, while outputs are marketed. Here, the important factors are input, conversion process and

market and these are the primary factors affecting location decision. However other minor factors too are important for location decision such as availability of labour and their skill, transport facilities, availability of services, suitability of land and climate, opportunity for expansion and others.

The factory location includes the determination of alternatives site of various geographical regions. These alternative sites are subjected to various qualitative and quantitative analyses to find-out the adequate alternatives among them. The procedure in facility location include:-

i. Preliminary screening.

ii. Detailed analysis that includes qualitative and quantitative models.

Thank You.

2. You have been asked to provide a location analysis on whether your company should expand an existing manufacturing plant or close the plant and move to a larger plant recently vacated by a bankrupt firm. Compose an email to your supervisor, Karen Saunders, outlining the factors you will consider in your analysis.

Date : 8th February 2021, Mon

From :

To :

Subject : Upcoming Plant Expansion Strategy

Dear Mr. Karen Saunders,

My name is Puttee and I am writing this to discuss my opinion on the Upcoming Plant Expansion Strategy. I discussed this with few of my teammates and also gave a decision for a few location planning and analysis.

Location Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis, which should help you to understand the financial aspects of choosing a location. In addition consider the factors that influences the location of a new facility. This is important because a poor choice can make it very difficult to meet demand and manage costs effectively.

Several factors that influence location positioning include the location of raw materials, proximity to the market, climate, and culture. Models for evaluating whether a location is best for an organization consist of cost-profit analysis for locations, the center of gravity model, the transportation model, and factor rating.

The decision to relocate a facility by considering costs and benefits. If you are planning on moving or acquiring a new facility, there are many factors to consider: the size, the

geographic area, culture, transportation costs and others. After a location or locations have been chosen a cost-profit-volume analysis is done.

The main factors that affect location decisions include regional factors, community considerations, and site-related factors. Community factors consist of quality of life, services, attitudes, taxes, environmental regulations, utilities, and development support.

The location of a business is crucial to its growth. There are many factors that come into play when choosing a suitable location. Usually it is one or a few factors that dominate the decision making process. For example, a change in market supply and or demand, perhaps even if inputs used by the business have run out. A business can suffer greatly if the right location is not chosen. Therefore a business should evaluate all their options very carefully before making a final conclusion.

There are generally four options a manager has with regard to location planning. The first option would be to take the current facility and make it bigger. The second would be to keep the current facility and just create a (or many) new one(s). The third would be to close down the current facility entirely and build a new one. The last option would be to keep things the way they are.

Thank You.

LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL: GRAPHICAL AND COMPUTER METHODS

1. Compose an email to your manager, Keith Simpson, on how linear programming methods might be useful in dealing with the scarce resource issues that the operations department must cope with on a regular basis.

Date : 10th February 2021, Wed

From :

To :

Subject : Solve Linear Programs by Graphical and Computer Method

Dear Mr. Keith Simpson,

Requirements of a Linear Programming Problem. Four properties in common:-

1. Seek to maximize or minimize some quantity (the objective function)

2. Restrictions or constraints are present

3. Alternative courses of action are available

4. Linear equations or inequalities

The process to formulate a Linear Programming problem:-

Developing a mathematical model to represent the managerial problem. Steps in formulating a Linear Programming problem :-

1. Completely understand the managerial problem being faced

2. Identify the objective and the constraints

3. Define the decision variables

4. Use the decision variables to write mathematical expressions for the objective function and the constraints

Solve Linear Programs by Graphical Method

A linear program can be solved by multiple methods. This method is used to solve a two- variable linear program. If you have only two decision variables, you should use the graphical method to find the optimal solution.

A graphical method involves formulating a set of linear inequalities subject to the constraints. Then the inequalities are plotted on an X-Y plane. Once we have plotted all the inequalities on a graph the intersecting region gives us a feasible region. The feasible region explains what all values our model can take. And it also gives us the optimal solution.

Solve Linear Program using Open Solver

In reality, a linear program can contain 30 to 1000 variables and solving it either Graphically or Algebraically is next to impossible. Companies generally use Open Solver to tackle these real-world problems. Here I am gonna take you through steps to solve a linear program using Open Solver. Open Solver is an open-source linear and optimizer for Microsoft Excel. It is an advanced version of a built-in Excel Solver.

The Solver tool in Excel can be used to find solutions to:-

i. Linear Programming problems

ii. Integer programming problems

iii. No integer programming problems

Thank You

2. Graphical linear programming techniques can only be used for two-variable problems. However, most real-life problems involve more than two variables, and as such, lend themselves to computer solutions. Compose an email to your instructor that explains the benefits of learning about graphical linear programming procedures.

Date : 9th February 2021, Tue

From :

To :

Subject : Benefits Of Learning About Graphical Linear Programming Procedures

Dear Instructor,

Graphical linear programming, through limited to two decision variables in an excellent alternative for the representation as well as solving of Linear Programming models. These linear programming problems graphical methods will be helpful to solve any problem. The benefits includes for solving the problems by finding out the maximum or minimum point of the intersection between objective function line and the feasible region on a graph.

Graph is a powerful tool for data evaluation as they provide us with quick and visual summaries of essential data characteristics. Examples of graphs can be a box plot or a histogram. Graphical methods are basically used for qualitative statistical evaluations.

Thank You.

INVENTORY CONTROL MODELS -MRP

1. Your manager, Felix Young, wants to know why your estimate of the time it will take to get an MRP system up and running is so long. Young noted that you included an allowance for “potentially inaccurate bill of materials and inventory records,” and he wants to know how the company could have operated as well as it has “if the records weren’t pretty accurate right now.” Compose an email in response to Young’s concerns.

Date : 10th February 2021, Wed

From :

To :

Subject : Clarification of time taken for implementation of the MRP System

Hello Mr. Karen Saunders, Greeting for the day !

The Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is used to calculate that materials needed for production. It may be done by software but it can be done without any technological tool.

The most important information for MRP is about the available inventory for future production, in this way the company will know what materials are needed for future production. To provide the materials on time it is necessary to know the master schedules of production, making sure that the supplies will be ready on time for manufacturing process. Finally, the accurate Bills of materials are used as a check list to verify that there is not any pending component for the production process. Even when the MRP may include costs, it is not a vital component for the system and some companies can have MRP without including costs

Thank You.

WAITING LINES AND QUEUING THEORY MODELS

1. Compose an email to your manager, Betty Davis-Brown, comparing the costs and benefits of two options being considered for the placement of a tool crib in your plant, which is fairly large. One option is to have a single, centralized tool crib where employees can check out tools they need, and the other is to have two cribs, one at each end of the plant.

Date : 11th February 2021, Thu

From :

To :

Greetings to you Mrs Betty,

Placement of tool crib must be considered by several factors, which is;

i. walking time to and from the crib

ii. waiting time at the service window

iii. additional cost of having sub-cribs

CENTRALIZED CRIB VS SUB-CRIBS (COST)

CENTRALIZED	CRITIREA	SUB-CRIBS
Less cost of hiring crib attendants	STAFF SALARY	More attendants needed to maintain each cribs
Consume large capital to build one large crib but less cost of maintenance	BUILDING COST	Small crib needed less capital but more cost of maintenance of each single crib

CENTRALIZED VS SUB-CRIBS (BENEFITS)

CENTRALIZED	CRITIREA	SUB-CRIBS
Easy to control the inventory in the storage	CONTROL	Required more force in maintaining stock
Centralized storage have more control on staff	SUPERVISION	Less supervision over staff due to numerous crib
More time needed to reach the crib and find stock	ACCESSIBILITY	Easier to reach and less time needed to find tools required
Customer less satisfy cause have to wait longer	SATISFACTION	Customer is satisfied because service provided faster

What I can suggest you are in building whether it is centralized crib or sub-cribs, we have to consider things such as space in our plant. If we have more spaces, from my best point of view it is best to build centralized due to benefits mentioned earlier. But, if we do not have spaces, sub-cribs may also come in handy for us.

Thank you.

2. Compose an email to your manager, Tom Peters, explaining why you believe that the multiple priority queuing model should be used for customer complaints.

Date : 11th February 2021, Thu

From : puttee@deliciousfood.com.my

To : tompeter@deliciousfood.com.my

Dear manager,

Regarding methods on handling customer complaints, I am strongly believed that multiple priority queuing models should be adapted in our company. This model is super important as any mishandling of complaints directly affect customer service perception and the costs of providing a service. As what they say, customer services deals greater in customer experience.

Generally, customers consider first-come, first-served to be the fairest method for determining priority. However, it is not the only priority rule used. Other rules include best customers first, highest-profit customer first, quickest-service requirement first, largest- service requirement first, emergencies first, and so on. Although each priority rule has merit, it is important to use the priority rule that best supports the overall organizational strategy.

The priority rules used affects the performance of the waiting line systems. As an example, first-come first served is generally considered fair, yet it is biased against customers requiring short service times. When checking out at a store that is using first-come, first-served as a priority rule, a customer waiting behind another customer with a large number of items waits longer than a customer waiting behind a second customer with only a few items. Although processing is sequential, the wait times vary because of the preceding customer. Also, priority rules besides first-come, first-served may imply that some customers wait extremely long periods of time.

Among the benefits of using this model are any complaint inflicted to our company handled faster than our usual way. It is because, more channel of complaint are created in attending the numerous waiting lines of complaint. Other than that, these models give better experience to customer as attendant directly attends the customer and not by different personnel.

Thank you.