考点24 ＂介词＋关系代词＂引导的
定语从句
高考频度：★★★☆☆
考向一 ＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句
●＂介词＋关系代词＂的用法
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用＂介词＋关系代词＂引导定语从句。如果指＂人＂，用＂介词＋whom＂；如果指＂物＂，用＂介词＋which＂。
●＂介词＋关系代词＂结构中介词的选用
1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。
☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。
2.表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
3.有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
☞His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
●在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。
●＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。
●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。
1.(2017·江苏卷·单项填空) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. its
C. whose D. whom
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the World Food Programme，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。
2.（2016 • 江苏卷·单项填空）Many young people, most _________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them
C. of whom D. of those
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求它们的梦想，其中大部分人都受过良好教育。故C项正确。
考向二 定语从句与其他句型的区别
一、限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。
☞Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time.
抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。（定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应）
☞I’ve no idea when we met for the first time.
我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。（同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系）
二、定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
☞Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
☞It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。（时间状语从句）
三、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。
☞This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）
☞Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
四、定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
五、定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。
☞It is such an interesting book as we all like.
它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（定语从句）
☞It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。（结果状语从句）
比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
六、定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。
☞The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。
☞The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。
1. —He wrote a lot of novels, none of ____________ were popular.
—It’s the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ___________ was a success.
A. these；them B. which；which
C. those；which D. which；them
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】本题很容易误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of…没有并列连词（说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which）；而后面一句的none of…前有一并列连词but（说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them）。
2. After the war, a new school building was put up ____________ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where
C. which D. when
3. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____________ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where
C. that D. when
【参考答案】2. B 3. B
【答案解析】定语从句中有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句中则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用
＂介词+which＂来代替where，而地点状语从句则通常只能由where引导。因此第2题中无表示地点的先行词，是表示地点的状语从句，故填where，第3题中the small town是先行词，为定语从句，故填where，也可用in which替换。
题组一 基础过关
用适当的关系词填空
1.(2019·北京卷) Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, _________ can reduce oral bacteria.
2.(2019·全国卷II) Laurie Demerit，_________ company provided the statistics for the report.
3. (2017·北京)This is called “herd immunity”, _______ protects the people who get hurt easily, including those ________ can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on ________ the vaccine doesn’t work.
4.Her performances on the stage were perfect，________ made a lot of people admire her.
5.The city was attacked by such terrible weather ________ few citizens had ever experienced before.
6.A story I read two years ago，________ name I can’t remember clearly，changed my idea about education.
7.I don’t know the reason ________ you lied to your parents，but you’d better explain.
8.________ is mentioned above，paper is first made in China.
9.A sailor ________ has experienced no storm will never become an excellent sailor.
10.I often think about the times ________ I have felt hurt and insulted by rude remarks from strangers and sometimes from acquaintances.
题组二 能力提升
I.单项填空
1.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ________ they can be controlled on purpose.
A.with which B.to which
C.of which D.for which
2.Gun control is a subject_________ Americans have argued for a long time.
A.of which B.with which
C.about which D.into which
3.Eric received training in computer for one year, ___________ he found a job in a big company.
A.after that B.after which
C.after it D.after this
4.True friendship is like health, the value___________is seldom known until it is lost.
A.of it B.on which
C.of whom D.of which
5.With more than 17 000 islands, _________ _only 6 000 are inhabited, Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago (群岛).
A.on which B.for which
C.of which D.along which
6. Pointing to the house on ____________ roof grew lots of bushes, the old man told me that was ____________ I would stay.
A. its；what B. whose；what
C. whose；where D. its；where
7. Our special thanks go to thousands of volunteers, without ____________ tireless work, none of these would be possible.
A. which B. whom
C. whose D. that
8. —Have you known Jane for long?
—Not very long, ______________ we started to serve the World Expo in Milan.
A. after B. before
C. when D. since
II. 语篇填空
用适当的关系词填空
Do you know the man __1__wrote this book？He was Jason，one of the engineers __2__came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory __3__my father once worked. When he came to China，the first thing __4__ he did was to visit the factory __5__did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason __6__China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute __7__he could spare to help China develop transportation.__8__is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner __9__made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to __10__we should say thanks.
III. 语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
If you only got six hours’ shut eye last night, there is no need 1 ( lose )sleep over it.
Scientists say that though it is 2 (wide) believed that we need eight hours of sleep a night, six to seven hours is the natural amount.
Advising short-sleepers to rest easy, the US researchers say, 3 (have) important implications(暗示,含义) for the idea that we need to take sleeping pills because sleep has been reduced from 4 (it) natural level by the widespread use of electricity, TV, the Internet and so on.’
The lead author of a study, Ghandi, said: “There’s the 5 (expect) that we should all be sleeping for eight or nine hours a night, and if we took away modern technology, we would be sleeping more. But now, for the first time, we are showing that’s not 6 truth.”
Most of those 7 were studied slept for less than seven hours a night, with the average amount just six hours and 25 minutes. This is much less than the eight hours often 8 (recommend) in western societies.
Despite this, the people studied were in good health, 9 lower rates of obesity(肥胖症), better blood pressure and 10 (healthy) hearts than people in industrialised societies. They were also fitter.
题组三体验真题
1.（2016 • 浙江）Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.
A. whom B. which
C. what D. that
2.(2015·浙江) Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose
C. in which D. at which
3.(2015·重庆) He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of_________ were published in the 1990s.
A. whom B. which
C. them D. that
题组一 基础过关
用适当的关系词填空
1.which 2.whose 3.which, who, whom 4.which 5.as
6.whose 7.why 8.As 9.who 10.when
题组二 能力提升
I.单项填空
1.B
【解析】考查固定短语的用法。句意：人类的面部表情和动物的面部表情就可控制的程度来说是不一样的。本句是定语从句，先行词是the degree，to the degree是固定短语，意为＂到……程度＂，关系词which在从句中作to的宾语，本句将从句中的介词to提至关系词which前面了。故选B。
2.C
【解析】考查动词短语的辨析。句意：对枪的控制是美国人一直争论的一个话题。argue about意为＂争论＂；argue with意为＂和……争论＂，所以此处应用介词about。故选C。
3.B
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的用法。在这个非限制性定语从句中，先行词是＂Eric received training in computer for one year＂这件事，关系词在从句中作介词after的宾语，所以关系词应用which。故选B。
4.D
【解析】考查＂介词+关系代词＂结构。句意：真正的友谊犹如健康，直到失去时才知其可贵。此处不能用＂介词+指示代词＂结构；先行词为friendship，指物，故不能用whom；此处表示所属关系，故介词只能用of，所以B项不符合句意。故选D。
【温馨提示】本题易误选A项或者C项。但是考生需要注意,用whom时先行词应指人；如选A,可在逗号后加上连词and。
5.C
【解析】考查＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句。分析句子结构可知选C。of which中的which指17 000 islands,17 000 islands为先行词。
6. C
【解析】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：老人指着那个屋顶上长着许多灌木的房子对我说，那就是我将要待的地方。house是先行词，与roof是所属关系，故用whose引导；＂that was ________ I would stay＂是told的宾语从句，该从句中that是主语，＂_________ I would stay＂是表语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，所以用where引导。
7. C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们特别感谢数以千计的志愿者们，没有他们不知疲倦的工作，所有这些都不可能做到。volunteers与tireless work是所属关系，所以用关系代词whose，在从句中作定语。
8. D
【解析】考查状语从句。句意：——你认识Jane很久了吗？——认识的时间不长，是从我们开始服务于米兰世博会时认识的。根据句意可知，应选since，表示＂自……以来，自……以后＂。
II. 语篇填空
1.who/that 2.who/that 3.where 4.that 5.which/that
6.why 7.that 8.As 9.who/that 10.whom
III. 语法填空
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究表明：和八小时的睡眠相比，一个晚上六到七个小时的睡眠更好。
1. to lose
【解析】考查固定句式。There is no need to do sth.是固定句式，意为“没有必要做某事”，故填to lose。
2. widely
【解析】考查副词。该空修饰动词believe，需用副词，故填widely。
3. has
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：建议睡眠不足的人放松休息对我们需要服用安眠药的想法有重要意义。根据下文可知，该句应用一般现在时态。且主语为动名词，谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式，故填has。
4. its
【解析】考查代词。句意：由于电力、电视、互联网等的广泛使用，睡眠已从其自然水平上减少了。 该空修饰后面的名词level，应该用形容词性物主代词，故填its。
5. expectation
【解析】考查名词。句意：人们期望我们每晚睡八到九个小时，如果我们将现代科技拿开，我们就会睡得更多。该题【解析】考查There be+n.结构，该空作表语，因此应该填名词。且根据“There be+n.结构中，be动词和n.保持形式上的一致”原则，该空应该填单数名词expectation。
6. the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：我们第一次证明这不是事实。truth经常和定冠词the连用，故该空填the。
7. who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：大多数接受研究的人每晚睡眠时间不到7个小时，平均睡眠时间只有6小时25分钟。___7___were studied是定语，修饰those，指人，引导词在从句中作主语，当先行词为those时，引导词只能用who。故填who。
8. recommended
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这比西方社会经常推荐的8小时要少得多。该空作定语，修饰the eight hours，the eight hours和recommend之间是被动关系，需用过去分词作定语，故填recommended。
9. with
【解析】考查介词。句意：尽管如此，与工业化社会的人相比，研究人员身体健康，肥胖率更低，血压水平更好，心脏更健康。该空后面是三个名词，且该空表示伴随情况，故该空填介词with。
10. healthier
【解析】考查比较级。句意：尽管如此，与工业化社会的人相比，研究人员身体健康，肥胖率更低，血压水平更好，心脏更健康。该空修饰名词hearts，应用形容词。且根据前文的lower，better可知，该空应该填healthy的比较级，故填healthier。
题组三体验真题
1.B
【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到证明。此句为定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用＂代词+介词+关系代词which＂引导。故选B。
2.C
【解析】句意：创造一种雇员感觉是其中一员的氛围是一个大的挑战。分析句子结构可知，＂ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge＂是一个定语从句，先行词是 atmosphere ，关系词在定语从句中作状语，因此用关系副词where或＂介词+关系代词which＂，表示＂在……中＂用in，再结合选项可知答案为C。
3.B
【解析】句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故选B项。
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