《管理英语3 》教材文章（中英文对照）
Unit 1
Reading 1
Managing Oneself
自我管理
We live in an age full of opportunities: If you are smart enough, and have got ambition and keep pushing forward, you can rise to the top of your chosen profession, no matter where you started out.
But with opportunity comes responsibility. Companies today aren’t managing their employees’ careers. Professional workers must be their own chief executive officers (CEO). It’s up to you to strive or your place, to keep yourself engaged and productive during a working life that may last around 50 years. To do those things well, you’ll need to have a deep understanding of yourself —not only what your strengths and weaknesses are, but also how you learn, how you work with others, what your values are, and where you can make the greatest contribution because only when you operate from strength can you achieve true excellence.
History’s great achievers—Napoléon, da Vinci, and Mozart—have always managed themselves. But they are so unusual both in their talents and in their accomplishments as to be considered rare exceptions Now, most of us, even those of us with modest talents, will have to learn to manage ourselves. We will have to learn to develop ourselves. We will have to place ourselves where we can make the greatest contribution. And we will have to stay mentally alert and engaged during a 50-year working life, which means knowing how and when to change the work we do.
自我管理
我们生活在一个充满机遇的时代︰无论你从哪里开始，如果你既聪明过人，又有远大抱负，并且勇往直前，那么你就可以在自己所选的职业领域中出类拔萃。
但是，随着机遇而来的便是责任。现在的公司已经不管理员工的职业生涯，自由职业者必须成为自己的首席执行官(CEO)。在大约五十年的职业生涯中，能否积极上进、勤奋工作、取得成效取决于你自己。要把事情做好，你需要对自己有一个深刻的了解，不仅仅是你的优缺点，还有你的学习方式，你与人共事的方式，你的价值观，以及你能作出最大贡献的领域。因为只有当你充分发挥自己的长处时，你才能做到真正优秀。
历史上那些取得伟大成就的人——拿破仑，达·芬奇和莫扎特，他们一直在管理自己。正因为他们既才智过人，又成就非凡，所以人们把他们视为少之又少的例外。现在，我们中的大多数人，即使智力平平，也都得学会自我管理。我们不得不学会发展自己。我们应该把自己放到能作出最大贡献的位置。在将近五十年的工作生涯中，我们必须让自己时刻头脑清醒，全神贯注，这意味着我们该了解转变我们现有工作的方式和时机。
Unit 1
Reading 2
Organization Structure in Hoogle Engineering
I’m Michael Bush, Managing Director of Hoogle Engineering. I am pleased to welcome you here to our website and I’d like to tell you a little about the company and its organization. Hoogle Engineering was set up in 1960. It was divided into several departments at that time, such as the sales department, marketing department and production department. Lots of managers were employed to manage it all.
Fortunately things are different now. Sixty people are employed by Hoogle and communication between departments is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the business. The market is global so we need to make contact with customers worldwide, not just locally.
But in the old days we were all in different departments and never spoke to each other. We had a tall structure. Traditionally we had people at the first level on the shop floor, manufacturing products according to the instructions which they were given. Then you had a supervisory level of people who supervised them every day. Then you moved up to the middle management, who were doing the tasks of getting new business, and then you had the senior management team, and then you had the board, who decided the business strategy. So there were a lot of levels in the company in the old days actually.
The structure today is that we form teams within teams to place people who can manufacture a product. Each team has members that can manufacture different products. The actual teams now are self-managing, so we don’t even have team leaders. You’ve got the teams, and then you’ve got two people, only two people, who are what you think of as management. This is generally called flat structure.
Hoogle工程公司的组织结构
我是Hoogle工程公司的主管麦克·布什。欢迎你来到我们的网站，请允许我为你介绍一下公司及其结构的情况。Hoogle工程始建于1960年，当时被分为几个部门，如销售部、营销部和生产部。我们要聘请许多管理人员来管理各个部门。
幸运的是现在的情况不一样了。Hoogle雇佣了六十个人，而部门之间的沟通被认为是业务中最重要的一个方面。市场是全球性的，所以我们需要与全球的客户密切联系,而不仅仅是本地客户。
但在过去，我们在不同的部门,也没有互相沟通。以前，我们是直线式结构，车间里的一线员工按照指令生产产品，会有一个管理层人员每天监督他们。当你上升到要处理新业务的中层管理时,你就会有高级管理团队,你上面有董事会来决定业务策略。因此，在过去的年代，一个公司有很多层级管理。
现在的结构是，我们在团队内组建小团队，安排能够生产同一产品的人员在其中。每个团队都有可以制造不同产品的成员。 现在的团队是自我管理的，所以我们甚至不需要团队领袖。你有团队，然后你有两个人，只有两个人，这就是你认为的管理。这通常被称为扁平式结构。
Unit 2
Reading 1
“War for Talent” Goes on in Job Market
The “war for talent” reads like headlines from many years ago, but it has never gone away, says Eleanor Nickerson, director of UK operations for Top Employers. Many companies they have researched on are short of talents. Though the companies may receive many applications, they cannot find the people they want.
Top Employers’ research shows that offering good career chances is the key to attracting and keeping the talent. Smart employees know their own value and will want to know what their employers can offer them after 5 or 10 years’ career development. So, keeping staff is the biggest challenge employers face in the long run.
Yet not every employee feels that they can better their career chances. Some are still nervous about losing their jobs, despite a recent fall in unemployment, says the Trades Union Congress (TUC). TUC points out that some four-fifths of new jobs created have been in part of the economy where average pay rates are less than £8 an hour since the recession began. Many of these jobs are on temporary or zero-hours contracts.
A report from the Office for National Statistics published in February showed that real wages have been falling consistently since 2010. It’s the longest period since at least 1964. “We’re still in the hardest living standards squeeze for over a century and those who are already working have had years of real-terms pay cuts,” says TUC spokesperson Liz Chinchen. “Understanding the pressures that staff face is a good starting point for any employer. If employers want to show concern for their staff, they should be paying them well and understand that zero-hours contracts bring insecurity and extreme money worries.”
就业市场持续上演“人才争夺战”
顶尖雇主的英国业务主管Eleanor Nickerson说，“人才争夺战”看起来像许多年前的头条新闻，但它从未离开过我们的眼球。他们调查的许多公司都缺乏人才。虽然那些公司可能会收到很多应聘申请，但他们找不到他们想要的人才。
顶尖雇主的研究表明，提供优厚的事业发展前景是吸引和留住人才的关键。聪明的员工知道自身价值，并希望知道雇主在他们5-10年的职业发展后可以给他们提供什么。所以，从长远来看，留住员工是雇主面临的最大挑战。
但是，并不是每位员工都觉得他们能够获得更好的事业发展机会。贸易联盟大会（TUC）表示，虽然近期失业率有所下降，但有些人仍然担心失去工作。TUC指出，自经济衰退开始以来，约有五分之四的新就业机会是来自于平均工资水平低于时薪8英镑的工业，其中许多工作是临时或零时工合同。
2月份发布的国家统计局的报告显示，自2010年以来，实际工资一直在持续下降。这是自1964年以来最长的时期。TUC发言人Liz Chinchen说：“一个多世纪以来，我们的生活水平一直处于最艰难的状况，而且，多年来员工的收入实际上一直在减少。”“了解员工面临的压力是每一位雇主的良好起点。如果雇主想要关心他们的员工，他们应该很好地支付他们，并理解零时工合同给员工带来不安全感和极大的金钱忧虑。
Unit 2
Reading 2
Human Resources Management
Human Resources Management (HRM) is the process of managing people and their relationships in an organization. These two processes are important in the success and growth of a business.
In managing people, staffing is the most important component of HRM. It needs to make guideline and procedures for hiring and placement. Staffing also involves the management of employees on matters like monitoring of holidays, absences, health and safety, disciplinary action, and dismissal.
Another important element of HRM in managing people is keeping the employees in the company. The training of employees to enable them to improve their career development is very important. Good HRM policies ensure that there are clear regulations which show the pay levels for the different positions in an organization. It is important for the staff to know the career path, pay, training and other opportunities that are available to them. Performance management is another important component of HRM. The reason for this is that many employers use it to evaluate career improvement and to determine pay increases.
The secondary role of HRM is the management of the relationships among people in an organization. This includes staff within departments as well as across the whole organization. The relationship between staff and management is an important factor in the success of an organization. It decides how fast an organization will realize their goals.
The focus of HRM is the people within an organization. Regular planning, monitoring and evaluation are important for the success of HRM. Successful management ensures that all employees know their role, career development and also feel part of an organization.
人力资源管理
人力资源管理（HRM）是在一个组织里管理人员和他们之间的关系的过程，这两个过程对于企业的成功和发展至关重要。
在管理人员方面，人事工作是人力资源管理最重要的内容，得制定招聘和安置的指导方针和章程。人事工作也包含对员工的管理，如休假、缺勤、健康与安全、纪律处分和解雇等事项。
人力资源管理在人员管理上另一个重要作用是留住员工在公司。提升员工职业发展能力的培训十分重要。优质的人力资源管理能够保证公司有明确的制度实行以岗定薪，重要的是让员工了解他们可能得到的职业前景，薪资，培训和其他机会。绩效管理是人力资源管理的另一个主要内容，这样做的原因是，许多雇主用它来评估职业提升和确定加薪。
人力资源管理的另一个内容是管理员工之间的关系，这包括部门内以及整个机构的人员。员工与管理层之间的关系是一个机构成功的重要因素之一。它决定了机构实现其企业目标的快慢。
人力资源管理的重点是机构内部的人。常规规划、记录和评价对人力资源管理的成功非常重要。成功的管理确保所有员工都知道他们的角色、职业发展以及归属感。
Unit 3
Reading 1
Save Money by Understanding Why You Spend It
To save money, you simply need to spend less than you earn. It is easy to say, but why is it so difficult to do? To answer this question, you need to study the factors that keep you spending all the time.
Easy access to credit
For most people, this is the biggest reason for overspending. People can easily get a credit card, simply by filling out a short form in a bank or jumping on their website. They can borrow money from banks to go shopping, even buy cars or houses. When you aren’t physically handing someone money or a check for a purchase, you will feel you are spending free money or you aren’t pending money at all. Try using cash to get your spending under control.
Misusing credit cards
A credit card is an interest free short-term loan.
When used as planned, this can be a powerful financial tool. The problem is when you begin to let the balance continue from month to month. If you make a $200purchase on your credit card and find out that at the end of the month you can’t afford to repay the full amount, this is when the high interest rates on the cards really begin to hurt you. That is no way of saving money.
Giving in to temptation
We all need to enjoy life, but don’t waste your financial future for a few guilty pleasures today if they aren’t in your budget. When you know that you can’t afford an activity, don’t give in.
Instead, invite your friends over for a home dinner party, game night, or some other activities where you can still enjoy time together, but without breaking your budget.
Spending to feel good
Everyone enjoys getting something new —buying yourself something feels good. There is absolutely nothing wrong with this, as long as you don’t go overboard.
You’ll feel good about your purchase whether you make it with cash or by credit card, but you’ll feel even better when you don’t have to spend the next two years trying to pay it off with 20% interest.
知道为何花钱才知道如何省钱
为了省钱，你的花费只要不超过你挣得的钱就行。但为什么说得容易做的难呢？ 回答这个问题，你需要研究一下是哪几个因素让你一直不停的花钱。
容易获得信贷
对大多数人来说，这是超支最大的原因。信用卡获取方便，人们只需要在银行或在其网站上填写一个简易表格就行。有了信用卡，人们就可以从银行借钱去购物，甚至去买汽车或房子。当你在购物时不是实实在在用现金或支票付款，你会觉得你在免费消费或者完全没有花钱。试着用现金付款来控制你的消费。
滥用信用卡
信用卡是短期的无息贷款。如果有计划的使用，信用卡是一个强有力的金融工具。问题是你何时开始可以保持每月的收支平衡。如果你用信用卡支付了200美元后，发现在这个月底你不能全额偿还，这时高利率可能真的开始伤害你了。那当然更不是省钱的办法。
屈服于诱惑
我们都需要享受生活,但是如果有些消费不在你的预算内，就不要让今天的一些负罪享乐影响你的未来财务状况。当你知道自己负担不起有些开销时，就别被诱惑了。不如邀请你的朋友来家里聚餐,设计家庭游戏夜,或一些其他的活动,这样你既没有超出预算，也可以和朋友们一起享受时光。
支出感觉良好
每个人都喜欢得到一些新的东西——给自己买东西的感觉总是很好的。只要不过火，这件事就没有任何错。无论你用现金还是用信用卡支付，你都会感觉良好，不过，当你随后两年不用被迫还清附加20% 高利息的债务时，感觉会更好。
Unit 3
Reading 2
Three Steps to a Good Marketing Budget
Without good budget management, you are likely to overspend on marketing accidentally. Here are three steps that help to make a good marketing budget.
Step 1: Organize financial information
The first step is to be clear of your current financial situation. You need to know how much money your company makes monthly and the changes that might arise in the future. Although income flows change throughout the year, you must organize the information based on reliable revenue —the minimum amount of money your company makes each month.
A realistic budget plan will always focus on the income that exceeds the expenses, not the total revenue that comes in. When you have determined the amount of disposable income available for the company, you should determine where the money will go.
Step 2: Determine where you want to spend marketing funds
After you know the total amount available to spend on marketing, the next step is how you plan to spend that money. Three main factors decide how you spend marketing funds: the budget amount, your past experiences, and where you can reach the right audience.
You will start organizing how to spend the funds based on the amount. Besides, you need to consider the strategies that have worked in the past. Also, you need to consider which marketing channels will allow you to reach the right audience.
Step 3: Assess data and make appropriate changes
The final step in building a good marketing budget is the analysis of the plan and any changes that may improve revenue. ultimately, marketing is designed to bring in extra revenue. If the activity does not bring in any additional revenue over its cost, then it is better to change strategy and try something else.
Assessing the data is a vital part of creating an effective marketing strategy. Evaluation begins with comparing past performance to the performance after marketing the product or services.
However, a good budget alone is not enough. You have to take action and remain committed to following through your plan. By keeping the budget in mind when you make decisions, you will have the opportunity to work out different strategies to find the best solutions for your business goals and prevent overspending on marketing.
三个步骤做好营销预算
如果你不做好预算管理，可能在做营销时不小心就超支了。这里介绍三个步骤帮助你做好营销预算。
步骤1:整理财务信息
第一步是要弄清楚你当前的财务状况。你要知道公司每月的收入和未来可能出现的变化。虽然全年收入量在变化,你必须基于可靠的收入数据——公司每月的最低收入额来整理信息。
一个切实可行的预算方案永远关注的是大于支出的收入，而不是总收入。一旦确定了公司现有的可支配收入，你就应该确定如何花这些钱。
步骤2:确定如何支配营销资金
下一步就是当你知道可用于营销的资金总额后，你就应该计划如何花这些钱。三个因素决定如何使用营销资金：预算额度、以往经验和寻找目标客户。
基于已有额度你要开始策划如何使用这些资金。除此之外,你需要考虑以往工作中的营销策略，还要考虑寻找目标客户的营销渠道。
步骤3:评估数据和适当调整
做好一个营销预算的最后一步是分析，即对可提高收入的计划和可能产生的变化进行分析。市场营销的最终目的是带来额外收益。如果营销活动不带来任何额外的收入，那么最好是改变战略,尝试别的方法。
数据评估是制定有效市场营销策略的重要一环。评估始于对产品销售和服务的过去的业绩与现状进行比较。
然而,仅仅有一个好的预算方案是不够的。你必须付诸行动,继续致力于实施你的计划。在你决策时，只有不忘预算，你才有机会找到多种策略和相应措施，达到商业目标，并防止营销超支。
Unit 4
Reading 1
Road Closure Procedures in Sydney
To minimize traffic jams in the city center and on major roads out of Sydney, the City’s highway department will not agree to road closures schedule for weekdays or Saturdays. On minor roads outside the city center, weekdays and Saturdays may be considered. You must apply for approval to do roadwork and other road-related activities, tree cutting and use of very large construction machinery, ladder, etc. Please note that approval is needed if you plan to block the road or footpath.
Applications to have a road closed to traffic must be completed and sent to the Department’s Traffic Calming Committee at least a month before the scheduled date.
Roads can be closed partially or fully, depend on your requirements. Partial road closures are only allowed in light traffic areas where there will be at least 1lane for traffic with extra traffic control measures to make sure 2-way traffic can continue to run for the duration of the work. Any change of traffic flow will require the proposal to be treated as a full road closure. For further information about a partial road closure, please refer to Contacts.
If you are organizing a parade, march or other type of street-based event, approval is also required and we recommend you choose one of our 4 preferred route. Choosing an existing route reduce the amount of planning you will need to do.
悉尼道路封闭程序
为了减少悉尼市中心和主要道路的交通堵塞，市公路局不会同意工作日或周六的道路封闭，不过可考虑市中心外的次要道路的封闭。道路施工或实施与道路有关的活动，如砍树、使用大型筑路机械、云梯等，必须提交申请。请注意，如果计划封锁道路或人行道，是需要获得批准才能进行的。
道路交通封闭申请必须在离预定日期至少一个月之前提交给政府交通稳静化委员会。
根据要求，道路可实行全封闭或部分封闭。部分道路封闭只允许在交通不繁忙的地段进行，封闭期间至少得有一条车道用于通行，辅以交通管制措施保证双向交通顺畅通行。以任何方式改变交通流量都被视为全面封路，需要提交申请。
组织示威游行或其他需要占用道路的活动也须得到批准。建议从四条预定的路线中选择一条。选择一条现有的线路，需要做的准备工作会少很多。
Unit 4
Reading 2
Beijing’s Roads for the Future
The road system in Beijing’s central business district (CBD) is being re-design to make public transportation easy and improve efficiency.
Plans for 45 roads within the CBD have been approved, measuring 41.5 kilometers in total. In addition to public buses, free or low price shuttle buses from residence areas to subway stations will also be provided for commuters.
This is just over four times the number of roads opened in 2007, and will add another 15.5 km to the existing road network.
Besides roads, an underground traffic system has also been operating, which includes four new subway lines beneath the CBD.
The underground connection system is made up of two levels. The first underground floor is set aside mainly for pedestrians and commercial facilities, while the second underground floor is planned for parking.
The city has also invested 140 million yuan to set up a traffic inquiry system, through which the public can check traffic conditions online and see the most convenient routes on their GPS system. In the future, the CBD will be fully covered by an intelligent traffic control system.
北京未来的道路系统
北京中心商务区（CBD）的道路系统正在被重新设计，以便让公共交通更加便捷。
在CBD内新建四十五条道路的规划已获批准，总长度为41.5公里。除公交车外，还将向上班族提供免费或廉价的班车往返于居住地与地铁站之间。
规划中的道路略高于2007年开通道路的四倍，将在现有道路网的基础上增加15.5公里。
除了道路，一套地下交通系统也一直在运行，包括在CBD下运行的四条地铁线。
地下互联系统有两层，地下一层主要用于行人和商业设施，而地下二层计划为停车场。
北京市还投资了一亿四千万元建立一个交通查询系统，通过这个系统，市民可以在网上查询交通状况，在GPS系统上查到最方便的路线。今后，CBD将全面覆盖智能交通控制系统。
Unit 5
Reading 1
Food Safety
A question that often troubles food companies is how to control problems like rats and insect without harming the food. Pest control experts say poison should never be used where they may enter food. They say the first line of defense against pests is to clean the places where the food is handled or stored.
Floors, food preparation surfaces and tools can be disinfected with chemicals like chlorine iodine or bromine. Food containers should be stored about half a meter off the ground and about half a meter away from any walls. Storage areas should be kept dry and clean.
Containers for raw materials such as rice, wheat, etc. should be kept closed and clean. Any foodstuff split during delivery or handling should be cleared up both inside and outside the building. Pests enter a building from the outside, so pay attention to outer walls. Small stones can be used to cover the ground and block the growth of plants and the grass should be kept short to deny pests a place to live.
Check that doors and windows are completely closed. Also any hole that might allow pests to enter a building should be filled. Rats can enter through a hole the size of a coin. A mouse can pass through a hole half that size.
Supervisors should make a list of pest control measures to be taken by employees. This will aid the efforts and also help prepare for any inspections. In most countries, there is a food and administration bureau, or some agency with a similar name, which enforces rules nationwide, responsible for rules about the use of pesticides, etc. However, businesses where food is stored, prepared or sold must also follow state and local health laws. Most of these governmental departments or bureaus have their websites with information about food safety policies and other issues. People can easily access the information.
食品安全
经常困扰食品公司的一个问题是,如何控制老鼠和昆虫，同时又不会对食物造成破坏。鼠害控制专家说，凡是在毒药有可能污染食物的地方决不能使用毒药。他们说，防止鼠害的第一道防线就是将加工和储存食品的地方弄干净。
地板、食品加工场地和工具可以用氯、碘、溴等化学物进行消毒。装食品的容器的设置应高出地面半米，且离墙半米。存储区域应保持干燥和清洁。
装原材料如大米、小麦等的容器应加盖严实，保持干净。在食品运输或加工过程中，任何洒落在室内外的食物都要清理干净。老鼠是从室外进入屋内的，因此要注意检查外墙。可用小石子铺上地面以阻止草木生长，长出的草要剪短，使老鼠无藏身之处。
门窗要经常检查，确保严实无缝，任何老鼠可能钻进来的洞都要堵上。田鼠可从一个硬币大小的洞钻进屋内，而半个硬币大小的洞则可让家鼠钻进来。
管理者应当给员工列出需要采取的鼠害防治措施。这将有助于鼠害防治工作，也便于员工做好随时检查的准备。大多数国家都有食品药品管理局或类似的机构，其职责是在全国范围内加强执法，负责制定毒鼠药和杀虫剂的使用条例。食品储存、加工或销售单位也必须遵循国家和当地制定的健康法规。大多数相关政府部门或食品药品局都建有网站，提供有关食品安全政策等信息，人们可以便捷地获取这些信息。
Unit 5
Reading 2
The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)
With the rapid globalization of food production and trade, international issues related to food safety are likely to increase. Food safety authorities all over the world have realized that food safety problems should be carried out at both national and international levels. There is a pressing need for exchanging routine information on food safety issues, and sharing experiences and information quickly when a food safety related event takes place.
INFOSAN is a joint program between the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This global network includes 181 Member States. Each has a designated INFOSAN Emergency Contact Point which manages communication between national food safety authorities.
The network aims to:
●Promote the rapid exchange of information during food safety related events;
●Share information on important food safety related issues of global interest;
●Promote partnership and cooperation between countries;
●Help countries strengthen their capacity to manage food safety risks.
As part of its routine activities, the INFOSAN Secretariat publishes reports in six languages and provides members with summaries and guidance on relevant food safety issues.
INFOSAN helps exchange food safety information and experience among its members. It is also a useful resource for other public health organizations which recognize INFOSAN as an organization through which findings of investigations and strategies for improving food safety may be shared.
INFOSAN monitors possible international food safety related events in close cooperation with the WHO Alert and Response Operations program. INFOSAN can work with other international organizations to provide assistance to the countries or regions with emerging food safety events of possible international concern.
国际食品安全当局网络
随着食品生产和贸易的迅速全球化，国家食品安全问题有可能会增加。世界各地的食品安全部门意识到，解决食品安全问题应在国家和国际这两个层面进行。发生重大食品安全问题时，迫切需要交换常规的食品安全信息，快速分享经验和信息。
国际食品安全当局网络（INFOSAN）由世界卫生组织（WHO）和联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）共同承担。这一全球性网络包括181个成员国。每个成员国都有一个指定的国际食品安全当局网络紧急联络点，负责各国食品安全部门之间的联系。
该网络旨在：
●促进食品安全事件发生期间的信息快速交换；
●分享全球共同关心的重要食品安全问题的信息；
●促进各国之间的协同合作；
●帮助各国提高管理食品风险的能力。
作为日常生活的一部分，国际食品安全当局网络秘书处用六种语言发布报告，为成员国提供相关的食品安全问题总结和指导。
国际食品安全当局网络促进各成员国之间食品安全信息和经验的交换。对于其他公共卫生组织来说，这也是一个有用的资源。其他公共卫生组织认为国际食品安全当局网络是一个可以分享食品安全问题调查结果和改善食品安全策略的组织。
国际食品安全当局网络与世界卫生组织预警和应对活动项目密切合作，监控可能发生的国际食品安全事件。国际食品安全当局网络可以与其他国际组织一道，共同为发生可能引发国际关切的食品安全事件的国家和地区提供帮助。
Unit 6
Reading 1
Door-Knocking
Door-knocking is the most effective way of making face-to-face community contact, but it has become a lost art. With the recent focus on customer privacy, door-knocking seems like an intrusion into other people’s lives. But those who try it for the first time are usually surprised by the pleasant reception they receive. Here are some suggestions that will help you promote your services face-to-face.
BEFORE YOU GO OUT
◆Begin with a door hanger
Try leaving a door hanger two days before you go door-knocking. It should briefly describe the project and say that someone will be around in person.
◆Wear an official name tag
Door-knockers should wear name tags with the logo of their organization. The best name tags will also include a color photo and the name of the caller.
◆Have people knock their own blocks
The easiest way to do door-knocking is to try your local area first. Being a neighbor creates an immediate connection with the person answering the door; after that, everything else is easy.
◆Find a good excuse to door-knock
A short survey about local concerns or a current project is a good excuse. Figure out responses for various situations. What if the person who answers the door cannot speak English? What if a child answers the door?
WHEN YOU GO OUT
◆When to go and what to do first
The best times to knock are usually Saturdays. On other days, after dinner is ideal. When someone answers the door, smile and introduce yourself; say you are a volunteer and, if it helps, state where you live. Give the name of your organization and, briefly, the reason for the visit.
◆State what action the other person should take and the benefits
Tell the person what they need to do and how their actions will benefit themselves and others. If a person hesitates, emphasize benefits you’ve already mentioned and then, if necessary, add further benefits. If a person agrees, follow up immediately. If possible, get a donation, a signature, or a promise.
◆Record contact information on the spot
Record names, addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and responses to questions on the spot. You won’t remember them later!
上门探访
上门探访是进行社区面对面交流的最有效的方法，但它已经成为了一门失传的艺术。随着近来对客户隐私的重视，上门探访似乎是对他人生活的侵扰。但是第一次尝试上门探访的人通常会为自己受到的友好接待而感到惊喜。接下来是几条能帮助你提高面对面服务效果的建议。
在你出动之前
◆先挂上门牌
尝试在你去上门探访的前两天留一个门牌。门牌上应该简要的描述你的来意，并说明最近会有人亲自上门拜访。
◆戴上正式的名牌
上门探访者应该戴上有你们组织标识的名牌，好的名牌上会有彩色证件照和探访者的姓名。
◆让当地人敲开自己街区的门
上门探访最容易的还是先从自己所在的社区开始。作为邻居能即刻与开门的人产生联结感，之后其他事情都好办了。
◆找个上门探访的好理由
做个关于社区关注问题或流行项目的简短调查是个好理由。要做好应对不同情况的准备：应门的人不会说英语怎么办？要是应门的是个孩子呢？
当你出动时
◆选好时机和要做的事
最好的敲门时间通常是星期六。其他日子里，晚饭后的时间最理想。当有人应门时，微笑并且介绍自己，然后说明你是一个志愿者，如果有用的话，说出你所居住的地方，介绍你的组织名称，并且简要地说明来意。
◆说明他人需要采取的行动和可以获得的利益
告诉他人他们需要做什么，他们的所作所为会给自己和别人带来什么好处。如果对方犹豫了，就再次强调你所提到的利益，必要时可以补充说明长远利益。如果对方同意了，就立即进行下一步。如果可能，就争取获得捐款、签名或者承诺。
◆现场记下联系方式
当场记下对方姓名、地址、电子邮箱、电话号码，问题答案等。否则过一会儿你就忘记了！
Unit 6
Reading 2
Community Service
Community service is a service or activity which is performed by someone or a group of people for the benefit of the public or public organizations.
While volunteers may provide community service, not everyone taking part in a community service program is a volunteer, because not everyone is doing it through their own choice. Sometimes people are asked to do it by:
• their government, as part of a citizenship requirement instead of military service;
• the courts and other criminal justice punishments;
• their school, to meet the requirements of a class, or to meet the requirements of graduation, or, in the case of parents, required to provide a certain number of hours of service in order for their child to be enrolled in a school or sports team.
There are also people providing community service, but they receive some form of payment in return for their work.
Youth community service
Community service performed by young people, also known as youth service, is intended to strengthen young peoples’ senses of civic engagement and community, and to help them achieve their educational, developmental and social goals.
High school graduation
Many educational institutions in the United States require students to perform community service hours to graduate from high school. In some high schools in Washington State, for example, students must complete 60 hours of community service to receive a diploma.
Conditions of participation
Contribution of service is a condition of enrollment in some programs. Most commonly, parents may be required to serve for their child to be enrolled in a school or sports team.
Colleges
Though technically not a requirement, many colleges make community service an unofficial requirement for acceptance. However, some colleges prefer work experience over community service, and some require that their students also participate in community service in order to graduate.
社区服务
社区服务是由个人或者群体为了社会或者社会组织的利益而进行的服务或者活动。
虽然志愿者会提供社区服务，但并不是每一位参与社区服务的人都是志愿者，因为有些人并不是自愿的，他们会被以下机构要求做社区服务：
• 政府；代替服兵役，尽到公民的义务；
• 法庭；作为刑事处罚；
• 学校；为了达到学业或者毕业要求，还有在为了让孩子能被学校或者运动队录取的情况下，家长也会被要求完成数小时的服务。
还有些提供社区服务的人会得到某种形式的报酬。
青年社区服务
由年轻人完成的社区服务，也就是青年服务，旨在增强年轻人的公民参与意识与社区参与感，同时也帮助他们实现接受教育、自我发展和参与社会活动等目标。
高中毕业
在美国，很多教育机构要求学生高中毕业前要达到一定的社区服务时数。比如，在华盛顿州的某些高中，学生在取得毕业证前必须完成60小时的社区服务。
参与条件
奉献服务是有些项目的录取条件之一。通常，为了孩子能被某所学校或某个运动队录取，家长可能会被要求进行社区服务。
高等院校
虽然严格来说，社区服务不是所招学生的必备条件，但是很多院校将它视为非官方的录取要求。然而，有的院校更看重学生的工作经验而不是社区服务，有的院校则要求学生参与社区服务才能毕业。
Unit 7
Reading 1
Notable Quality Management Failures
A Quality Management System (QMS) should clearly understand customer’s requirements, and to provide good design, qualified production in an effective and efficient way.
When the quality management system fails to fulfil its function and customer requirements are not met, customers might be upset; management and employees both might be unhappy, but its negative influence is not so wide-spread. Unluckily, some quality management system failures do make headlines.
Here are three cases of famous quality management failures:
3 Mile Island
三哩岛核电厂
The worst nuclear disaster in US history broke out at the 3 Mile Island reactor facility in eastern Pennsylvania in March 1979. Proper controls that should have been developed as part of routine safety procedures were not in place. Then the situation was made worse by human error because of the lack of proper training. The only new nuclear power stations built since that day were the ones already under construction.
Ford Pinto
The Ford Pinto is the most well-known and the worst disaster in the whole US automobile industry in the 1970s. Apparently the entire US auto industry decided to spend the 1970s resting on their laurels after building great cars that sold well during the sixties. Not only were many cars built in the 1970s ugly and poorly designed, they also became very unreliable after 40- 50 thousand miles. The Pinto tops the list of QMS failures because of its dangerous design faults and the questionable ethical decisions made by top management.
iPhone 4
Apple almost lost its dominance in the smart phone market when it became clear that it was difficult to make a call using the much expected iPhone 4. Calls were dropped suddenly and frequently causing wide spread dissatisfaction among loyal customers who had upgraded to the new model early on. Independent tests showed that touching the left side of the case at a certain spot interrupted the signal and dropped the call — not a great feature for a handheld device mainly used to make calls. Meanwhile Apple continued to deny or minimize the problem. As the problem continued to make news headlines, Apple eventually agreed to a “voluntary” recall to correct the problem.
All of the above famous quality management failures could probably have been prevented if the principles of a fully functioning quality management system had been in place.
著名质量管理失误案例
一个质量管理体系应该以有效和高效的方式清楚地了解客户的需求，并提供设计优良和合格的产品。
当某个质量管理体系不能实现其功能和未满足客户需求时，顾客可能会生气；管理层和员工都可能不满意，但其负面影响并没有那么广泛地传播。不幸的是，一些质量管理系统的失败确实成了头条新闻。
这里有三个著名的质量管理失败案例：
三哩岛核电厂
1979年3月，美国历史上最严重的核灾难在宾夕法尼亚东部的三哩岛核电厂反应堆爆发。本该制定的作为部分日常安全程序的正确管控措施没有到位。由于缺乏正确的培训，事故状况被人为的错误弄得更糟。事故之后新建的核电站都是当时已经开工建设的核电站。
福特平托
福特平托是1970年代整个美国汽车工业最出名和最严重的灾难。很显然，在六十年代制造出质量过硬且销售良好的汽车后，七十年代美国整个汽车工业打定了主意吃老本了。七十年代制造的很多汽车不仅外观设计难看，性能也较差，而且这些汽车在行驶了四、五万英里后性能还会变得相当不稳定。由于它危险的设计缺陷，以及最高管理层令人质疑的道德决策，平托事件名列质量管理体系失误案例的榜首。
苹果4手机
当发现使用期待已久的iPhone 4打电话是那么困难时，苹果几乎失去了在智能手机市场的主导地位。通话会频繁地突然断掉，造成了刚刚升级到新款手机的忠实客户们的广泛不满情绪。独立检测显示触碰话机左侧一个特定的点会中断电话信号并挂断电话——对于一个主要用于打电话的手持设备来说并不是一个优点。与此同时苹果公司不断否认或者淡化这个问题。由于这个问题连续成为新闻头条，苹果公司终于同意“自愿”召回并维修问题手机。
如果一套功能完备的质量管理体系的各项准则都落实到位，那么上述这些耸人听闻的质量管理事故就不会发生。
Unit 7
Reading 2
The History of Quality Control
Quality control is a series of activities that ensure and improve the quality of products and services.
The term “quality control” came into common use in the 1950s because of W. Edward Deming. His “Fourteen Points” have become the bible for quality control specialists. When the post-war world returned to regular manufacturing, Deming said that inspecting product quality after they were made was unacceptable. Instead, he proposed a process known as “statistical quality control”. It would use closely monitored performance measures to control quality while a product was being made. The goal of statistical quality control was to gather data that would allow for the constant improvement of manufacturing processes. This would in turn improve quality control.
Another important principle of Deming’s beliefs was that upper management should be responsible for quality failures. He strongly believed that it was possible for the workers to work hard to produce the highest quality products if they were given the right tools and working environment. In Deming’s own words, “the basic cause of sickness in American industry and the resulting unemployment is a failure of top management to manage.” He believed that strong leadership led to a motivated work force.
If strong leadership is the term for managers in a quality environment, then empowerment is the key concept for workers in Deming’s system. Improved education and training are key factors in reaching employees and making them believe that their increased participation in the work process is an essential part of improving quality. Involvement participation, and teamwork are seen as absolute “must haves” if a quality workplace is to be created.
The Japanese were the first to use Deming’s Fourteen Points, and made great success. As an example, one Japanese factory doubled production in just one year and was expecting to gain an additional 25 percent improvement the following year, with no increase in the amount of working hours. All this happened as a result of simply improving quality. It was in the late 1970s that American manufacturing factories realized that quality control was a significant issue. By that time, Japanese firms such as Honda and Sony were taking over large portions of the American consumer market while it took most American firms until the 1990s to put quality control practices in place.
质量控制的历史
质量控制是一系列确保和提高产品质量及服务的行为。
由于威廉·爱德华兹·戴明，“质量控制”这个术语在1950年代开始广泛使用。他的“十四要点”已经成为了质量控制专业人士的宝典。当战后世界恢复正常生产时，戴明提出在制造完成后再检查产品质量是不可接受的。相反，他提出了被称为“统计质量管理”的一个流程。它会在产品生产过程中严密监控绩效指标从而控制质量。统计质量控制的目标在于收集数据以利于不断地改进制造工艺。这将反过来提高质量控制。
另一个戴明理论中的重要原则是高层管理应该对质量失误负责。他深信工人们如果拥有恰当的工具和工作环境，他们能够努力工作制造出高质量的产品。用戴明的原话来说就是“导致美国工业弊病以及由此带来的失业的首要原因是顶层管理的失败”。他坚信强有力的领导会形成有活力的工作团队。
如果在质量语境中强有力的领导是对经理们来说重要的字眼,那么在戴明的体系中赋权就是对员工来说最核心的概念。不断升级的教育与培训是凝聚员工的关键因素，可以使使员工们坚信自己的积极参与是提高产品质量的重要环节。如果要创造高质量的工作环境，员工介入、员工参与、以及团队合作是绝对的“必要条件”。
最早实践戴明十四要点的是日本人，并且他们取得了巨大的成功。举一个例子，一个日本工厂在一年内将产量翻了一番，并且下一年在不增加工作时间的情况下将获得额外25%的产能增加。所有这些得以实现不过是由于提高了质量而已。1970年代晚期美国的制造业工厂才意识到质量控制是一个重大问题。在那时，像本田和索尼这样的日本公司已经占领了大部分的美国消费者市场，而大多数美国公司直到1990年代才开始实行质量控制。
Unit 8
Reading 1
Ebola Surge — 2014
The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest in history and the first Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Although the current epidemic does not cause a significant risk to other nations, many countries, including China and the United States of America, have actually been working closely with the Ebola hit states. For example, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is taking precautions at home besides its activities abroad.
CDC’s team of “virus hunters” is supported by specialized public health teams both in West Africa and at the CDC Atlanta headquarters. Together, they offer continuous support to save lives and protect people. CDC works closely with a number of US government agencies, national and international partners. CDC’s experience of working with Ebola is important to the World Health Organization’s growing West Africa Ebola response.
On Sept. 2, 2014, CDC Director, Tom Frieden called for more international partners to join this effort. “The sooner the world comes together to help West Africa, the safer we all will be. We know how to stop this outbreak. There is a window of opportunity to do so — the challenge is to scale up the massive response needed to stop this outbreak.”
CDC’s response to Ebola is the largest international outbreak response in CDC’s history with over 100 disease specialists on the ground in West Africa, supported by hundreds of public health emergency response experts stateside, activated at Level 1, its highest level, because of the significance of this outbreak.
The CDC supports affected countries to establish Emergency Operations Centers at national and local levels and helps countries track the epidemic including using real-time data to improve real-time response.
Efforts in West Africa to identify those infected and track people who have come into contact with them are improving. The CDC is operating and supporting labs in the region to improve diagnosis and testing samples from people with suspected Ebola from around the world.
Local health care systems are strengthened through communication, coordination with partners and training on infection control for health care workers and safe patient treatment.
埃博拉袭来——2014
2014年埃博拉疫情的爆发是历史上规模最大的一次，也是埃博拉在西非的第一次爆发。尽管目前疫情仍未对其他国家带来很大的风险，但是包括中国和美国在内的许多国家，已与遭受埃博拉病毒袭击的国家切实开展了密切合作。例如，美国疾病预防控制中心（以下简称“疾控中心”）不仅在国外采取行动，在国内也是如此。
疾控中心的“病毒猎人”小组受到了在西非和疾控中心亚特兰大总部的专业公共健康团队的支持。他们一起为挽救生命与保护民众提供持续不断的援助。疾控中心与许多美国政府机构与国内外伙伴密切合作。美国疾病预防控制中心应对埃博拉的经验对世界卫生组织在西非地区日益展开的抗击埃博拉疫情而言至关重要。
2014年9月2日，疾控中心主任汤姆·弗利登倡议更多国际伙伴加入这次行动。“世界越早团结一致帮助西非，我们就越安全。我们知道如何阻止这次爆发。现在已经打开了这样做的机遇之窗，而挑战在于大幅扩大应急响应规模以阻止疫情。”
美国疾病预防控制中心对埃博拉疫情采取的应对是其历史上规模最大的国际疫情爆发响应，超过100名疾病专家在西非进行实地工作，数百名突发公共卫生事件应对专家在美国本土后援支持。因为疫情爆发的影响力，应急响应为最高级别——一级。
疾病预防控制中心支持疫情蔓延的国家建立国家级与地方级的紧急行动中心，运用实时数据以提高实时应急能力，帮助这些国家监控疫情。
西非在确认感染人群和追踪与他们有过接触人群方面的努力成果正在彰显。美国疾病预防控制中心在这些地区运行并支持实验室加强诊断能力，检测全球携带疑似埃博拉病毒人群样本。
地方医护体系通过与合作方进行沟通与协作，以及培训卫生工作者的感染控制能力与安全病患治疗技术，得到进一步加强。
Unit 8
Reading 2
How to Prepare an Emergency Response Plan for Your Workplace
Emergencies and disasters can occur any time without warning. The more you are prepared for them, the better you will be able to act, reducing panic and confusion when an emergency occurs.
Emergency response plans (ERPs) are intended to provide clear and effective steps for managing an emergency. An ERP should deal with a variety of issues including evacuation of buildings, communication with local emergency services and the general public, individual roles and responsibilities during an emergency, and supplies and materials that may be needed.
Follow these basic guidelines to develop an effective ERP for your workplace:
•Determine when an evacuation would be necessary.
•Choose primary and secondary evacuation routes and emergency exits. Make sure they are clearly marked and well lit. Post signs.
•Install emergency lighting in case a power cut occurs during an evacuation.
•Ensure that evacuation routes and emergency exits are wide enough for people to be evacuated, clear at all times, and unlikely to expose evacuating people to additional hazards.
•Coordinate your plan with the local emergency management office.
•Choose “evacuation wardens ” who will help others during an evacuation and account for employees.
•Establish specific evacuation procedures. This includes a sample ERP to give you a better idea of what your procedures should include.
•Establish a system for accounting for evacuated employees.
•Hold emergency drills at least once a year to ensure that employees know what to do in an emergency and to test the effectiveness of emergency exit routes and procedures. Keep records of such drills.
•Consider the transportation needs of employees.
•Post evacuation procedures where employees can read them.
•Establish procedures for helping people with disabilities and people who do not speak your local language.
•Consider how you could quickly get important personal information about employees in an emergency (for example, contact numbers for their home, next-of-kin , or special medical conditions).
如何在您的工作场所准备应急预案
紧急事件与灾难随时会在没有预警的情况下发生。准备越充分，应对就越自如，事件突发时的恐慌与混乱也会随之减少。
应急响应预案将为突发事件的处理提供清晰有效的应对步骤。一套完善的应急预案应该能够应对各种各样情况，包括楼房疏散，与本地应急服务机构和大众的沟通，紧急情况中个人的角色和责任，以及应急所需补给与物资等。
在为您的工作场所制定有效的应急预案时，请遵照以下的基本指导原则：
•决定何时进行必要的人群疏散。
•选择首选和备用的疏散路线与紧急出口。保证它们指示清晰，照明良好。贴上
•安装应急照明系统以防在疏散过程中出现断电情况。
•确保疏散路线和紧急出口足够宽敞并随时保持通畅，避免将疏散人群置于其他危险境况。
•与当地应急管理部门一起协调你们的预案。
•挑选“疏散监管人员”，在紧急疏散中帮助他人并对员工的安全负责。
•颁布具体的疏散程序，这里有一个应急预案样本能给你更清晰的思路，让你知道应该有哪些步骤。
•建立一套确保员工疏散安全的体系。
•一年至少举行一次应急演练，以确保员工们清楚在紧急情况下要如何行动，同时检验应急出口通道以及相关程序的有效性。
•考虑员工的交通需求。
•在员工可以阅读的地方粘贴疏散程序。
•制定帮助残疾人与不使用当地语言的员工的相关程序。
•考虑你如何才能快速收集到在应急中需要的员工个人信息（比如，家庭联系电话号码，近亲情况，或者特殊的病史等）。
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