《人文英语4 》教材文章（中英文对照）
Unit 1
Reading 1
British TV
Television broadcasting started in the United Kingdom in 1936 as a public service free of advertising. Now there is a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 channels for consumers as well as on-demand content. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing. On October 24, 2012, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom were in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial means, satellite and cable as well as over IP.
In 1953 the Conservative Government introduced a bill to make arrangements for commercial television. This was opposed very strongly by the Labor and Liberal Parties, but the bill was passed and commercial television now flourishes. The Independent Television Act created an Independent Television Authority, which exercises general supervision.
One disadvantage of the present system is that the BBC and Independent Television often both put out programs of the same type at the same time. This forces the viewer to choose between two similar things but not two entirely different forms of entertainment.
In the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies, any household watching or recording live television transmissions as they are being broadcast (terrestrial, satellite, cable, or internet) is required to hold a television license. Since April 1, 2010 the annual license fee has been £145.50 for color and £49.00 for black and white. Thus, the license fee made up the bulk of the BBC’s total income of £5.102 billion in 2012–2013.
英国电视
1936年，电视广播最初作为一项没有广告的公共服务媒体在英国兴起。现在，各种传播媒体可为消费者提供480多个频道及点播内容，其中既有免费服务也有付费服务。有六大频道经营商负责绝大部分电视节目的播出和收视。2012年10月24日，英国所有的电视广播都采用了数码格式。数字内容是通过地面设施、卫星、电缆以及互联网协议传送的。
1953年，保守党政府提出了一项议案，安排设立商业电视。这遭到工党和自由党的强烈反对，但这项议案最终得以通过。现在，商业电视遍地开花，欣欣向荣。独立电视法案促成独立电视管理局的设立，由其行使监管权。
现有系统的一个缺点是，BBC和独立电视台经常在同一时段播放相同类型的节目。这迫使观众在两种相似的东西中做选择，而不是两种完全不同的娱乐形式。
在联合王国和皇家属地，任何通过广播（地面、卫星、有线或互联网）收看或录制直播电视节目的家庭都必须持有电视收视许可证。自2010年4月1日起，彩色电视机和黑白电视机的年度收视许可证费分别为145.5英镑和49英镑。因此，在BBC2012~2013年51.02亿英镑的总收入中，收视许可证费占了其中大部分。
Reading 2
Graffiti
Graffiti painting is traditionally a daredevil pursuit. Teenagers dodge security guards to put their names on trains and buses. But over the past decade, graffiti has all but disappeared from Britain’s cities. Between 2007 and 2012 the number of incidents of graffiti recorded by the British Transport Police fell by 63%. A survey by the Environment Ministry shows that fewer places are blighted by tags than ever. Graffiti are increasingly confined to sanctioned walls, such as the Stockwell ball courts. In time the practice may die out entirely.
The most obvious reason for the decline in tagging and train-painting is better policing. Numerous CCTV cameras mean it is harder to get away with painting illegally. And punishments are more severe. A generational shift is apparent, too. Fewer teenagers are getting into painting walls. They prefer to play with iPads and video games. Some have gone to art school and want to make money from their paintings. The Internet means that painters can win far more attention by posting pictures online than they can by breaking into a railway yard.
Taggers and graffiti artists mostly grew up in the 1980s and 1990s. Those men—and almost all are men—are now older and less willing to take risks. Graffiti may eventually disappear. But for now the hobby is almost respectable. The former graffiti artists paint abandoned warehouses at the weekend. It has become something to do on a Sunday afternoon—a slightly healthier alternative to sitting and watching football.
涂鸦艺术
涂鸦传统上是一个冒险的追求。青少年们避开保安人员，把自己的名字涂在火车和公交车上。但在过去十年，涂鸦几乎从英国城市中消失了。2007~2012年，英国交通警察局记录的涂鸦事件下降了63%。环境部的一项调查显示，被乱涂乱画破坏的地方比以前少了。涂鸦越来越被限制在被批准的墙上进行，比如斯托克韦尔球场。最终涂鸦也许会完全消失。
乱涂乱画和火车涂鸦风靡程度下降最主要的原因是政策法规更加完备。非法在墙上绘图越来越难以逃离无处不在的闭路电视监控系统摄像头，相应的惩罚也更加严厉了。代际变化也很明显。现在越来越少的年轻人想参与墙上涂鸦活动。他们更喜欢玩iPad和电子游戏。他们中有一些人去了艺术学校，他们想通过绘画挣钱。网络的普及意味着这些人可以把自己的绘图在线上传，相较于把它们画在铁路调车场，这样更能吸引别人的注意。
涂鸦艺人大都是80或90后。这个群体——大多是男士——现在年纪越来越大，不太愿意冒险了。涂鸦最终可能会消失。但是直至现在，这种爱好仍然受到人们的尊敬。前涂鸦艺术家们会在周末去废弃的仓库墙上大展身手。这已经成为周日下午必做之事——一个比坐着看足球稍微更利于健康的选择。
Unit 2
Reading 1
Life in the Country
I’ve been living in the country for more than 10 years. It means quietness, privacy, harmony and peace for me.
Living in the country requires an active lifestyle. It involves activities like doing daily chores, preparing firewood for winter heating, feeding animals including pets and livestock, tending the garden, or securing fences, etc. For me, the most attractive activities are fishing, hunting and hiking. I enjoy seeing what nature has to offer every day through a simple walk down a little trail, or a relaxing drive along the country road with patches of green grass ornamented with wildlife sightings of birds, moose, bears, deer, etc.
Living a country life helps us appreciate some of the simpler things, things that make us feel good about ourselves and the world. It may be just a get-together on a Saturday at the local farmers market, or a project or a problem that the community might pull together to help solve. I have participated in a few community projects, like dealing with out-of-control grass fires, a roof that collapsed from a large snow fall, or even helping a recent widow with fire wood for the winter. Sometimes I am surprised by how much benefit we receive from helping others and as for this community I can’t say enough.
I really enjoy living a country life. I know it’s not for everyone, but I know it’s for me.
乡村生活
我在乡下住了10多年了。对我而言，这里意味着安静、私密、和谐和安宁。
在乡下生活需要积极的生活方式。它包括做日常家务、准备过冬取暖的柴火、喂养宠物和牲畜、修整花园或加固栅栏等许多事情。对我来说，最吸引人的活动是钓鱼、打猎和徒步旅行。我享受着大自然每天的恩赐，悠闲地在乡间小道散步，或驱车惬意地行驶在绿意浓浓的乡间公路上，各种鸟、驼鹿、熊、鹿等动物的身影点缀其中。
乡村生活使我们学会欣赏一些简单的东西，这些东西让我们感受到生活和这个世界的美好。它或许仅仅是周六当地农贸市场里的一次小聚，或是社区合力解决的一个事情或者问题。我曾参加过一些社区活动，比如处理失控的草地火灾、修葺被大雪压塌的屋顶，甚至帮助刚失去丈夫的妇女准备过冬的柴火。有时我会感叹帮助他人会使我们受益良多，而社区叫我受益的地方更是多得举不胜举了。
我真的很享受乡村生活。我知道这不一定适合每个人，但却适合我。
Reading 2
Turning Trash into Art
I have developed a habit of collecting trash. I leave my house around midnight a few times a week and walk around the city gathering what I find: old toys, used appliances, broken furniture, the list goes on. I usually have no problem filling the two bags I bring with me. The next day, I sort through what I collected and make two piles: a useable one and an unuseable one. I take the useable pile to my studio and start creating art.
What other people see as garbage, I see as potential art. Of course, it’s not art in the state I find it. Through creativity and trial-and-error, it becomes art. The pieces I create are mostly animals and robot sculptures. The process I go through from the raw materials to a finished piece is not complex at all. First, I take the materials I have collected and play around with different combinations and configurations to see if I can find some inspiration. I typically do this for a few days or a week before something “clicks” and I have an idea about what I want to create. After that, it is only a matter of realizing my vision.
I also create more practical, useable art out of the trash I find. Some examples include vases made from glass bottles, lamps made from old appliances like irons or blow dryers, and pencil boxes made from plastic containers. I take these items to the local market and sell them. A few times a year I get invited to display my favorite sculptures at exhibitions. Overall, I couldn’t be happier. I am doing something I love, making a good amount of money, and showing others both useful and artistic possibilities of trash.
变废物为艺术
我已经养成了收集废物的习惯。我每周都会有几次在半夜离开家去城里到处转转。我将自己收集的东西列成一张表：旧玩具、用过的电器、家具碎片等。我经常能轻松地把随身携带的两个包装满。第二天，我把收集到的废物分成两堆：可用的和不可用的。我把可用的一堆拿到工作室，开始进行艺术创作。
别人视为垃圾，在我看来却是潜在的艺术品。当然，起初我拿到这些东西时，它们可不是艺术品，得通过创造和反复试验才能变成艺术品。我创作的作品大多是动物和机器人雕塑。从原材料到成品的过程一点也不复杂。首先，我把收集的材料排列成不同的组合并进行不同的布局，寻找灵感。这件事我通常会做上几天或一周的时间，直到茅塞顿开，我会弄明白自己的创意所在。剩下的就是去实现我的想法了。
我还从发现的废物中创造了更实用、更有用的艺术品。比如玻璃瓶制成的花瓶、用熨斗或吹风机等旧电器制成的灯，还有用塑料容器制成的铅笔盒。我把这些东西拿到当地市场去卖。每年人们都会邀请我做几次展览，展示我最喜欢的雕塑作品。总之，没有比这更令我高兴的了。做喜欢做的事，还能赚很多钱，同时也向人们展示废物变成有用的东西和成为艺术品的可能性。
Unit 3
Reading 1
Creating Equal Access to Education
The celebration of International Women’s Day (IWD) in 2011 was special as it marked the 100th anniversary of IWD. The United Nations’ theme for the 2011 IWD was “Equal access to education, training and science and technology: Pathway to decent work for women”.
One hundred years ago, gender equality and women’s empowerment were largely radical ideas. One hundred years later, there has been significant progress in women’s empowerment and participation through determined advocacy, practical action and enlightened policy making.
However, in too many countries and societies, women’s social position is still low and lots of women are still trapped by poverty, discrimination, unemployment, illiteracy and violence.
As a basic human right, education is a key driver of economic growth and social change and the basis of women’s empowerment. The global economy is increasingly knowledge-driven, and requires an educated workforce able to apply the existing technology and to develop new science and technologies to combat poverty and adapt to emerging issues.
As education is the key to greater empowerment for women, investing in women and girls through the education sector has therefore a positive effect on the well-being of their families, their communities and nations. Strengthening the bridges between education, training, science and technology and the labor market is important in order to promote equal opportunity to decent employment for women.
创造平等的受教育机会
2011年国际妇女节（IWD）的庆祝活动是特别的，因为它标志着国际妇女节100周年。联合国2011年国际妇女节的主题是“平等获得教育、培训和科学技术：为女性提供获得体面工作的途径”。
一百年前，两性平等和女性权益基本上是激进的想法。一百年后，通过坚决倡导、实际行动和制定开明政策，女性在权益与参与方面取得了显著进步。然而，在许多国家和社会中，女性的社会地位仍然很低，许多女性仍然受困于贫穷、歧视、失业、文盲和暴力。
作为一项基本人权，教育是经济增长和社会变革的重要驱动力，也是赋予女性权益的基础。全球经济日益受知识驱动，社会需要受过教育的劳动者能够应用现有技术和开发新的科学技术，以消除贫困并应对新出现的问题。
由于教育是赋予女性更大权益的关键，因此，教育部门为妇女和女孩投资会对她们的家庭、社区和国家产生积极影响。为了促进女性拥有体面就业的平等机会，加强教育、培训、科学技术与劳动力市场之间的沟通是非常重要的。
Reading 2
Equal Access to Education Means an Equal Society
The National Union of Students (NUS) welcomes the news that greater numbers of black and disabled students are studying at UK universities, but there is still a lot of work to be done on widening access, writes the union’s president, Gemma Tumelty.
A recent Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) equalities review showed that significant numbers of potential students felt their disability was a major barrier to accessing higher education (HE). This is simply unacceptable.
Equality and diversity is not entirely a “numbers game” and before too much praise is given we need to hear more from non-traditional students, not just about their experience of accessing higher education but also going through the system.
Equality in society is absolutely, and fundamentally, linked to equality in access to education.
For many students, university is the place where they will be first exposed to different cultures and different people. As well as fighting for better access, the NUS wants to see diversity properly valued and promoted within the student experience. Many pay lip service to the value of diversity, but is this recognized and promoted as a core asset to those who go through the HE system?
Equality in society can be promoted by equality and diversity at university. But the benefits of university as a positive, diverse environment must be seen by students as adding “value” as much as any other factor before the numbers game is really won by the champions of diversity.
平等社会意味着平等受教育
全国学生联合会（NUS）高兴地得知将有更多的黑人和残疾学生在英国大学学习的消息。“但在扩大入学机会方面仍有很多工作要做，”工会主席杰玛·塔梅尔蒂写道。
社区与地方政府部近期的一份平等审查表明，大量潜在的学生感觉他们的残疾是他们进入高等教育的障碍。这简直是不可接受的。
平等和多元化并不完全是一种“数字游戏”，在大肆赞扬之前，我们需要多听非传统学生的意见，不仅听他们讲接受高等教育的经验，还听他们讲述高等教育的过程。
社会平等，从根本上讲，与获得平等的教育有关。
对于许多学生来说，大学是他们首次接触不同文化和不同人的地方。除了力争提供更好的机会，全国学联希望看到多元化在学生体验中得到应有的重视和推崇。许多人口头上对多元化的价值表示支持，但是对于那些接受高等教育的人，它能否作为核心价值而被认可和倡导呢？
大学里的平等和多元化可以促进社会平等。但是在支持多元化的人占多数之前，学生们必须看到大学的好处，它是一个积极的多元的环境，可以和其他任何因素一样增加“价值”。
Unit 4
Reading 1
Quality Education and Education for All
Educators, parents, students and community members in Miami-Dade and Broward counties are joining together to reclaim the promise of public education. This important effort is co-sponsored by the American Federation of Teachers and National Education Association and is a vital step forward for our schools in South Florida.
Educators, parents and community members are working together to provide all students with the opportunity to attend quality public schools. Equal access to a public education is a right that should be afforded to all students. We cannot expect our students to succeed if they do not have the right tools to do so.
I’ve been working as a teacher and lawyer for many years, so I know firsthand the obstacles teachers and students face every day. There is no simple solution for our public schools’ challenges, but one thing is for sure: We must all work together in order to better our schools. There is no time to waste because the future of schools and students is on the line. We must all get involved now.
Educators need proper teaching resources in order for students to achieve. Just like in other careers, educators should receive ample opportunities for professional development.
South Florida teachers and support staff are doing the best they can, but we need everyone to actively participate in the educational process.
Florida receives the least amount of funding for public education compared to nearly all other states, but that will never stop our drive for success. We still have hope for our schools and students because the nation’s public education system makes up the foundation of our future.
素质教育与全民教育
迈阿密-戴德县和布鲁瓦德县的教育工作者、家长、学生和社区成员正在联合起来要求履行公共教育的承诺。这项重要的工作是由美国教师联合会和国家教育协会共同发起的，是南佛罗里达州学校向前迈进的重要一步。
教育工作者、家长和社区成员正在共同努力，为所有学生提供就读高质量公立学校的机会。平等接受公共教育应该是为所有学生提供的一项权利。如果学生没有正确的工具，我们就不能指望他们能成功。
多年来，我一直从事教师和律师工作，所以我知道老师和学生每天面对的障碍是什么。对于公立学校的挑战，没有简单的解决办法，但有一件事情是可以确定的：我们必须共同努力，以使我们的学校变得更好。时间不容浪费，因为学校和学生的未来已经处于危险之中。
教育工作者需要有适合的教学资源，让学生能够获得。就像其他职业一样，教育工作者应获得充分的职业发展机会。
南佛罗里达州的教师和支持者正在为此尽最大努力，但我们也需要每个人都积极参与教育过程。
与所有其他州相比，佛罗里达州获得的公共教育的财政支持最少，但这不会阻止我们对成功的追求。我们对学校和学生仍然抱有希望，因为国家的公共教育体系是我们未来的基础。
Reading 2
The Importance of Quality Education
Education and academic quality can mean different things to different people, depending on their perspective, role and context and, in part because of this, quality is notoriously difficult to evaluate. The question of how to do this has been pursued for many years.
Nevertheless, the goal of improving educational quality is agreed by all and stimulated further by the recent worldwide economic downturn and the need to counteract the impact of the crisis on economic growth and prepare for economic recovery.
As the World Bank and UNESCO said 10 years ago: “The quality of knowledge generated within higher education institutions, and its availability to the wider economy, is becoming increasingly critical to national competitiveness.” They also rightly emphasized that “A strong research system at the national level opens up the possibility that substantial additional public benefits can be realized through international links.
This is precisely why Chinese students and academics should contribute to these global benefits, reforming and improving evaluation systems for educational and academic quality. Original and good research, especially in science, economics and social sciences, has a trickle-down effect on society. And it offers additional benefits even without international links, though international collaboration and exchange of the best evaluation policy and practice can bring substantial advantages to all partners in relation to lessons learned elsewhere.
保证教育质量的重要性
教育与学术质量，对于不同的人来说含义不同，这取决于各自的角度、职责与环境，也正是这部分原因，众所周知，质量难以测量。多年来，人们一直在这方面进行着探索。
然而，提高教育质量的目标是大家一致认可的。同时，近来全球经济的下滑，以及抵制经济危机对经济增长的影响和复苏经济的需求也进一步推动了这个目标。
正如世界银行和联合国教科文组织十年前所说的那样：“高等教育机构所产生的有质量的知识及其在更加广泛经济体内的应用，对于国家竞争力来讲，越来越起到至关重要的作用。”他们也恰如其分地强调“国家层面的强大的研究系统可以通过国际联系，为大幅增加额外的公共福利提供可能性。”
这正是为什么中国学生和学者应该为了全球的利益做出贡献，同时改革和完善教育和学术质量的评价体系。原创的优秀的研究成果，尤其在自然科学、经济学和社会学领域，都会对社会产生涓滴效应。这些研究即便不与国际合作，也会带来诸多益处，但是国际合作以及最优评价体系的交流和实践会给所有合作伙伴在分享经验教训方面带来巨大的优势。
Unit 5
Reading 1
The Communication Model-Interpersonal Communication
All communication begins with the sender and ends with the receiver. The sender is responsible for successful conveyance. The sender’s personality, beliefs, cultural and educational background all influence the message and it is important for the sender to be aware of this as he or she is encoding the message. Simply put, encoding is translating information into symbols that represent the ideas or concepts of the message that needs sending. These symbols are usually words in written or spoken form. To ensure successful communication, the sender should know as much about his or her audience — the receiver — as possible in order to focus on and support the encoding process.
In addition to this awareness of self and encoding, the sender must choose the proper channel for conveying the message. Using the wrong channel may result in miscommunication. Like the sender, receivers are influenced by internal factors: their personality, their receptivity to the message or their relationship to the sender. Additionally, their current feelings, mood, or state of mind can affect a message. Once the message moves through the channel, the receiver then decodes it. The receiver uses his or her own experience and the context of the message to interpret its meaning.
Feedback is the return message from the receiver to the sender. It is feedback that enables the sender to know whether the message was received successfully or not. Therefore it is essential to the communication process.
This process, though very common, is fraught with potential breakdown at every turn. Spoken or written language is inherently easy to misinterpret. In conclusion, effective and successful communication takes place when the message is successfully received and the receiver provides the sender with desirable feedback.
交流模式——人际沟通
所有的交流都始于发送者，终于接收者。发送者的主要责任是负责成功的传递。发送者的个性、信仰、文化和教育背景都会影响信息的传播，因此，当发送者对信息进行编码时，意识到这一点非常重要。简单地说，编码就是把信息翻译成包含它需要传达的观点或者概念的符号。这些符号通常是书面或口头形式的。为了确保沟通的成功，发送者应该尽可能多地了解他或她的听众，即接收者，以便接收者能够集中精力并且支持编码过程的完成。
除了要了解自身和编码问题以外，发送者必须要为信息的传递选择正确的渠道。使用了错误的渠道有可能会导致沟通有误。与发送者一样，接收者也受到内部因素的影响，包括他们的个性、对信息的接收能力或者他们与发送者之间的关系。除此之外，他们当下的感受、心情或者心理状态都能够影响信息的接收。一旦信息通过渠道传播过去，接收者就会对信息进行解码。接收者用自己的经验和所掌握的相关信息对信息进行解读。
反馈就是接收者返回给发送者的信息。正是反馈让发送者获知信息是否已经被成功接收，因此，它对整个交流过程至关重要。
这个过程虽然很常见，但却很容易出现联系中断。口头或者书面的语言本身就很容易被误解。总之，当消息被成功接收，接收者向发送者提供了满意的反馈时，沟通才是有效和成功的。
Reading 2
The Importance of Intercultural Communication in the Workplace
Para 1 Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect.
Para 2 Avoiding conflict
The workplace is growing more diverse every day. Managers cannot assume that what they find inoffensive will also be inoffensive to their subordinates. A lack of sensitivity can lead to claims of discrimination or harassment, which costs firms big money. Intercultural communication involves exercising sensitivity and tact to avoid such conflicts.
Para 3 The inexactitude of language
We human beings have developed language to communicate ideas to one another. Still, our language represents an imperfect form of communication. Sometimes, words cannot accurately convey an idea, because the information might be highly complex. Also, a concept that exists in one culture or language might not be part of another. Effective intercultural communication tries to bridge language gaps as effectively as possible so that everyone at the workplace finds themselves on the same page.
Para 4 Preventing misunderstandings
Given the inexactitude of language, misunderstandings can frequently arise between people from different cultures when they exchange information. Idioms often become lost in translation. For example, the English expression “to shoulder responsibility” translates into Swedish as “be a man for your hat”. Intercultural communication does not rely on expressions native to a particular language that could lead to confusion; rather, it relies on clear messages that all parties understand.
Para 5 Fostering respect
Communication happens differently in various cultures. What one society finds acceptable may be unacceptable to another. When coworkers from different cultures do not take these differences into account, not only does communication suffer but conflicts come to the fore. Effective intercultural communication does not try to ignore societal differences; rather, it respects the variations among the human race and enables people to transmit information clearly.
跨文化交际在职场中的重要性
跨文化交际
跨文化交际是指在两个或者多个不同社会背景之间进行的信息传递。有效的跨文化交际能够帮助公司避免冲突，防止误解并且培养相互尊重之风。
避免冲突
工作场所每天都在变得越来越多样化。领导者不能认为不冒犯自己的事情也不会冒犯自己的下属。缺乏敏感度就可能会导致歧视或伤害方面的投诉，这会使公司损失一大笔钱。跨文化交际需要运用敏感性和机智来避免这些冲突。
语言的不精确
我们人类已经发明了语言来互相交流思想。尽管如此，我们的语言是一种不完美的交流方式。有的时候，言语无法准确地表达一个想法，因为有时这个信息非常复杂。而且，在一种文化或者语言中存在的概念可能在另一种语言中并不存在。有效的跨文化沟通会尽可能有效地弥合语言鸿沟，使工作场所里的每个人都能达成共识。
防止误解
鉴于语言的不精确性，不同文化背景的人们之间进行信息交换时常常会产生误解。习语在翻译时常常会使人迷惑。例如，英语“承担责任”翻译成瑞典语就成了“自己的帽子自己戴”。跨文化交际依赖的不是某一种语言所固有的表达方式，那样做会引起困惑。相反地，它依赖的是各方都能理解的清晰的信息。
培养尊重
不同文化中的交流方式是不同的。一个社会所能接受的表达或许是另一个社会所不能接受的。如果不同文化背景的同事们不考虑这些差异，他们之间不仅交流会受到影响，而且还会发生冲突。有效的跨文化交际不是要尝试忽视社会差异，而是要尊重人类之间的差异，使人们能够清楚地传递信息。
Unit 6
Reading 1
Social Worker Cover Letter
James Bush
35 West 9 Avenue
Pensacola, FL23506
P: (03) 86661234
M: 0651 222555
E: james.bush@hotmail.com.us.
[Date]
Nick C. Brown
Hiring Manger
Saint Louis Mental Health Service
16 Mary Street
River Dale, IL 566077
Dear Mr. Brown,
I wish to apply for the position of Social Worker as advertised on seek.com.au.
Please find my résumé attached.
For almost two years I have worked as Mental Health Case Manager for True Care and their Housing and Accommodation Support Initiative. During the time I have proven my ability to work with an interdisciplinary team, and also developed interpersonal skills and strong professional relationships with clients, including individuals, families and community groups. In my work I have acquired a thorough understanding of the Mental Health Act of 2014 in relation to social work.
My duties have included providing psychosocial support to clients, in the form of one-on-one counseling as well as group therapy; developing and overseeing treatment plans for clients; advising family caregivers; and consulting with doctors, therapists and medical professionals. I was awarded with the New Employee Achievement Award for my work on a difficult case in 2015. My strong verbal and written communication skills have been well utilized in this role and I have also demonstrated solid organizational skills in my case management.
I have a strong desire to make a positive difference in people’s lives and I believe I would be an asset to Saint Louis Mental Health Service if given the opportunity.
If you require more information please contact me at the phone numbers above. I am available for interviews and hope to hear from you soon.
Yours sincerely
James Bush
社会工作者求职信
詹姆斯·布什
第九大道西35号
彭萨科拉，佛罗里达州23506
电话：(03) 86661234
手机：0651 222555
电子邮箱:james.bush@hotmail.com.us.
[日期]
尼克·C.ˑ布朗
人事部经理
圣路易斯精神健康服务中心
玛丽街16号
河谷区，伊利诺伊州566077
尊敬的布朗先生，
我想应聘在seek.com.au 网上刊登的社工职位。随信附上我的简历。
作为精神健康项目经理，我在真爱中心及他们的住房住宿支援委员会工作了近两年。在此期间，我证明了自己同跨学科团队协作的能力，并且提高了人际交往技能，与个人、家庭和社区群体等客户建立了良好的业务关系。在工作中，我对涉及社会工作的2014《心理健康法》有了一个深刻的理解。
我的工作职责包括为顾客提供社会心理支持，有一对一专业咨询，也有集体心理治疗；设计和监督顾客的治疗方案；为家庭关爱者提供建议；向医生、治疗专家及医疗专业人士进行咨询。2015年，我处理了一件棘手的案子，被授予新员工成就奖。在工作中，我的较强的口头和书面沟通技能得到了发挥，在案件的处理过程中，我也展示了很好的组织能力。
我非常渴望能在人们的生活中发挥积极的作用。如果能给我机会的话，对于圣路易斯精神健康服务中心来说，我将会是一个有用之人。
如果您需要更多信息，请通过上面的电话号码与我联系。我可以随时面试，期待会很快收到您的回复。
您真诚的，
[签名] 詹姆斯·布什
Reading 2
History of Social Work
Charity is a concept which dates back to Biblical times, when helping the poor was something that rich people basically did to make themselves feel good. Social work has its roots in charity, as it originally began around the time of the industrial revolution when there were many poor people and society was seeking a way of dealing with the poor and social problems. Although social work began as charity work, it has expanded a lot and needs to be seen from a completely different perspective.
Modern-day social work deals not only with poverty and the subsequent problems, but also with the problems arising from various types of “social fear” (“social phobias”) and discrimination such as sexism, racism, and discrimination against an individual due to his age, or mental or physical disabilities. Social workers deal with the consequences of these discriminations as well as consequences that arise from sexual abuse, drug abuse, and various other problems.
Social work provides an important service to society. Individuals and families in need of help are the focus of it, and are referred to as clients. Social workers help clients live a productive life in their own community. In order to reach this goal, they often enlist the assistance of family members, relatives, local religious leaders, and other influential members of the community. Although institutionalization may be necessary at times, it is a temporary solution. Social workers usually serve in the front line, and reach out to the clients soon after problems occur.
The goal is to help clients return to normal life in a natural setting.
社会工作的历史
“慈善”这一概念可以追溯到圣经时代，那时帮助穷人是富人基本上都做的事情，以此来使他们自己有成就感。社会工作起源于慈善，它最初开始于工业革命时期，那时有许多穷人，社会寻求一种解决穷人和社会问题的途径。尽管社会工作源于慈善工作，然而它的意义已经有了很大的扩展，需要以一个全新的视角来看待。
现代的社会工作不仅要处理贫穷及其引发的问题，还要应对由社会恐惧和歧视导致的各种问题，诸如由性别、种族以及个体的年龄、精神或身体疾病导致的种种歧视问题。社会工作者需要处理这些歧视导致的结果及性虐待、吸毒及各种其他问题导致的结果。
社会工作为社会提供重要的服务，主要帮助那些需要帮助的家庭和个人，他们被称为当事人。社会工作者帮助当事人在他们自己的社区过上富有成效的生活。为达到这一目的，他们常常寻求家庭成员、亲戚、地方宗教领袖及社区其他有影响力成员的援助。尽管有时制度化或许是必要的，但这只是暂时的解决办法。社会工作者常常服务在一线，在问题发生后能很快帮助当事人。其目的就是帮助当事人回归自然环境中的正常生活。
Unit 7
Reading 1
A Civil Complaint
To: Guangzhou People’s Court
Plaintiff: Handcup Marketing
Domicile: No. 33, 4th Road, New York
Legal Representative: Qing Su
Position: Manager of Handcup Marketing
Defendant: South China Corporation
Domicile: No. 21 Binjiang Nan Road, Guangzhou
Legal Representative: Bai Mei
Position: manager of the South China Corporation
CLAIMS:
1．To order the Defendant to pay to the Plaintiff 18,000,000 RMB, including 15,000,000 RMB for the dispatched products and 3,000,000 RMB for the interest.
2．To order the Defendant to pay for the court fees.
FACTS AND REASONS:
The defendant is the plaintiff’s distributor in Southern China. From September 2010 to October 2011, the plaintiff issued all kinds of products worth 15,000,000 RMB to the defendant. (see Exhibit I)
Each of the said transactions was signed and received by the defendant (see Exhibit II). Although the plaintiff had repeatedly requested, the defendant failed to pay the debt on time.
The indebtedness arising out of the transactions between the plaintiff and the defendant shall be under the legal power of Chinese laws. The defendant refused to accept mediation. The plaintiff is now facing huge economic loss (see Exhibit III). Therefore, in accordance with relevant Chinese laws and regulations, the defendant should bear corresponding civil responsibility.
According to Articles 106 and 112 in General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, Article 108 in Civil Procedure Law of the PRC and other related laws and regulations, the plaintiff hereby files this case with the court for your adjudication.
Plaintiff: Handcup Marketing
Date: May 14, 2012
ATTACHMENTS:
1．One copy of the plaintiff’s business license;
2．One copy of the original Certificate of the Legal Representative;
3．One copy of the original Power of Attorney;
4．Exhibit I: Invoices for each transaction;
5．Exhibit II: Receipts for each transaction;
6．Exhibit III: List of losses.
民事起诉状
呈送：广州人民法院
原告：Handcup销售部
住址：纽约第四大道33号
法定代表人：秦苏
职务：Handcup销售部经理
被告：中国南方合作公司
住址：广州滨江南路21号
法定代表人：白梅
职务：中国南方合作公司经理
请求事项：
1．判令被告向原告支付人民币18 000 000元，包括15 000 000元人民币的货款以及3 000 000元人民币的利息；
2．判令由被告承担诉讼费用。
事实和理由：
被告是原告在中国东南区的批发商。从2010年9月至2011年10月，原告向被告发放价值15 000 000元人民币的各种货物。（见证据1）
每笔交易均由被告正式签署和接受（见证据2）。尽管原告多次要求，但被告仍然没有按时付款。
原告与被告之间的债务纠纷应该适用中国法律。被告拒绝接受调解。原告现在面临着巨大的经济损失（见证据3）。因此，依据中国有关法律法规，被告应承担相应的民事责任。
根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》第106条和第112条，以及《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第108条和其他相关法律和规章，原告向法院提起诉讼，要求判决。
原告： Handcup销售部
日期：2012年5月14日
附件：
1．附件1 原告营业执照复印件
2．附件2 法定代表人资格原件复印件
3．附件3 授权委托书原件复印件
4．附件4 交易发票
5．附件5 交易收据
6．附件6 损失明细单
Reading 2
An Answer to a Civil Complaint
Respondent: People’s Hospital
Address: No. 1, Binhai Road, Binhai City
The following answer is given to Zhang Hua’s claim for personal-injury compensation by the People’s Hospital:
1．The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with Zhang Hua. Zhang Hua had an oral contract to remove the high-voltage meter cabinet with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company on June 10, 2008. He was assigned by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent.
2．Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua for the following reasons. Firstly, according to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations, Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for any injury employees suffered in the contract performance. Secondly, Zhang Hua seriously violated the overtime procedure in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto.
3．The respondent shall not be responsible for compensating the injuries of Zhang Hua. According to the General Principles of the Civil Law, any person engaged in highly dangerous operations shall be responsible for compensation. In this case, the respondent entered into a contract with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company, whereby the source of high danger shifted to Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation, and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company have no connection with the respondent.
Therefore, People’s Hospital is not liable for compensating the defendant. We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiff’s action according to law.
To:
Binhai City Intermediate People’s Court
Respondent: Binhai People’s Court
Date: May 10, 2011
民事答辩状
答辩人：人民医院
地址：滨海市滨海路1号
就张华要求人民医院人身损害赔偿一案，现提出如下答辩意见：
答辩人与张华不存在直接的合同关系。张华与滨海第二建筑安装公司在2008年6月10日就移动高压仪表箱达成口头协议。他受雇于滨海第二建筑安装公司，因此与被告没有直接的合同关系。
滨海第二建筑安装公司应该负责对张华的伤害赔偿，具体理由如下：首先，根据中华人民共和国法律和相关司法解释，滨海第二建筑安装公司应对其职工在履行合同的范围内所受到的伤害承担责任；其次，张华在移动高压仪表箱的时候严重违反了操作程序，没有给予应有的注意。
答辩人对张华的伤害赔偿不应承担责任。根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》的规定，任何从事高度危险作业的单位，对其员工的人身损害应负赔偿责任。在这种情况下，答辩人与滨海第二建筑安装公司达成合约，这样，高危险源就转移到了滨海第二建筑安装公司。滨海第二建筑安装公司成为该危险作业物的责任主体，因此任何与滨海第二建筑安装公司履行合同中所造成的伤害都与答辩人无关。
因此，滨海人民医院不应承担赔偿。请贵院依法驳回原告起诉。
此致
滨海市中级人民法庭
答辩人：人民医院
2011年5月10日
Unit 8
Reading 1
Terrorist Suspects in the 911 Attacks
NEW YORK — The five men facing trial in the Sept. 11 attacks will plead not guilty. They would state their criticisms of US foreign policy, the lawyer for one of the defendants said Sunday.
Scott Fenstermaker, the lawyer for accused terrorist Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali, said the men would not deny their role in the 2001 attacks but “would explain what happened and why they did it.”
Ali and four other men are accused of killing nearly 3,000 people in the nation’s deadliest terrorist attack. The US Justice Department announced earlier this month that they will face a civilian federal trial just blocks from the World Trade Center site.
Ali is also known as Ammar al-Baluchi. He is a nephew of the claimed 9/11 planner, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.
Mohammed, Ali and the others will explain “their assessment of American foreign policy,” Fenstermaker said.
“Their assessment is negative,” he said.
Fenstermaker met with Ali last week at the US prison at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. He has not spoken with the others. But he said the men have discussed the trial among themselves.
Fenstermaker was first quoted in The New York Times in Sunday’s editions.
Critics of Attorney General Eric Holder decided to try the men in a New York City civilian courthouse. It has warned that the trial would provide the defendants with a propaganda platform.
Dean Boyd, a spokesman for the Department of Justice, said Sunday that while the men may attempt to use the trial to express their views, “we believe the courts and the federal judge may govern the trial. The course of justice will be led appropriately and with minimal break, as federal courts have done in the past.”
“9•11”恐怖袭击案嫌犯
纽约——涉嫌“9·11”袭击案中的5名男子在审判中将做无罪辩护。周日，其中一名被告的辩护律师说，他们将陈述他们对美国外交政策的谴责。
作为其中一名被指控的恐怖主义者——阿济兹阿里的律师，史科特•范斯德梅克尔表示，这些男子不会否认他们在2001年袭击中扮演的角色，但是他们会解释具体发生了什么以及他们为何要这样做。
阿里和其他四个人被指控在美国的致命恐怖袭击中杀害了近3000人。美国司法部在本月初宣布这五名男子将在位于世贸中心遗址的街区上接受联邦审判。
阿里又名阿马尔•奥尔巴鲁奇。他是“9·11”事件的策划者哈立德·谢赫·穆罕默德的侄儿。
范斯德梅克尔表示，穆罕默德、阿里以及其他男子将阐述他们对美国外交政策的评价。
他说：“他们的评价是否定的。”
上周，范斯德梅克尔在古巴关塔那摩湾的美国监狱里与阿里相见。他没有与其他四人交谈。但是，他说，这些男子已经讨论了这次审判。
《纽约时报》在周日的版面上第一时间引述了范斯德梅克尔的话。
对美国司法部长埃里克·霍尔德在纽约民事法庭审判这些男子的决定，批评者警告审判将会给被告提供一个鼓动宣传的平台。
美国司法部发言人迪安·博伊德称，尽管这些男子试图利用审判来表达他们的观点，但“我们相信法庭和联邦法官会控制审判。像过去一样，联邦法院会合理引导法庭进程，尽量减少中断”。
Reading 2
Alternative Legal Billing — Win Strategies
Hourly billing is the best way to be charged for legal services. About 95 percent of lawyers still perform their legal work on an hourly basis. If you want something better than the old “bill by the hour” deal, try presenting one of these billing structures.
Project billing for routine issues
If your legal needs include large but repetitive tasks, consider a flat-fee approach. Once you get a project billing estimate, don’t hesitate to shop around to compare prices and services with other law firms. A firm may provide a better deal if it expects future work from your company.
Results-oriented options
“Pay-according-to-success” is one choice. It considers fees based on the outcome of the case and the performance of your counsel. Contingency fees turn the matter into a shared risk or shared encouragement, making the law firm your business partner, not just representation.
Multi-layered tasks
If you’re shopping for a firm for actual legal work involving a number of legal specialties, consider using blended hourly fees. The firm calculates in advance an “average” rate based on the anticipated time each lawyer spends on the matter.
This arrangement helps the client to avoid paying a senior partner’s hourly rate for research that should be conducted by a junior associate.
Legal “Insurance”
The contract fee allows the client to pick up the phone and talk to the lawyer without needing to eye the clock. This approach works like a legal insurance policy. It encourages companies to contact their counsel on non-litigation, non-crisis matters, and to save money in the long run by engaging in more preventive legal action.
可供选择的律师付费方式——取胜策略
按时计费是法律服务的最佳收费方式。大约95%的律师仍采用这种方式为自己的法律工作收费。如果你想找比传统的“按时计费”更好的方法，可以尝试下面的某种计费方式。
常规项目计费
如果你的法律业务，包括数量大并且重复性的任务，可以考虑固定收费的方式。一旦得到项目大致报价，就抓紧时间了解情况，与其他法律事务所的报价和服务进行比较。如果事务所期望与你进行未来的合作，它会提供一个合理的报价。
结果导向选择
根据胜诉来付费也是一种选择，它将根据事情结果和法律顾问的表现来考虑费用。胜诉费将事情变成共同风险或共同激励，让法律事务所成为你的合作伙伴，而不仅仅是代理身份。
多层次任务
如果你打算挑选一个事务所，并要邀请几位法律专家进行工作，那么需要考虑使用混合计时费率。法律事务所根据每个律师处理案件的预期时间，提前测算出一个“基准”费率。
如果工作是由初级律师完成的，这种方式就使你不必按照一个资深合伙人的计时标准来付费。
法律“保险”
合同付费的方式可以允许客户与律师随时交流而不用担心通话时间。这种方式好似购买法律保险。它鼓励公司在非法律业务和非紧急事务方面与法务咨询人员沟通，并且通过采取更具预防性质的合法行动，从长远来说以节约经费。
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