2022年春江苏开放大学营养学期末综合测试

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2022年秋江苏开放大学营养学形考作业4 2022年春江苏开放大学营养学期末综合测试 2022年春江苏开放大学营养学形考2 2022年春江苏开放大学营养学形考1 江苏开放大学营养学讨论主题（占总成绩5%）：营养学是什么？

1
维生素和矿物质，人体的需要量比较少，每天的需要量或膳食供给量以毫克或微克计算，但很容易缺乏或不足，导致营养不平衡的是（）
客观题满分： 2分
A
宏量营养素
B
微量营养素
C
蛋白质
D
脂类
正确答案：B

2
营养素参考摄入量中，通过实验或观察得到的健康人群某种营养素的摄入量是指（）
客观题满分： 2分
A
平均需要量（EAR）
B
推荐摄入量（RNI）
C
适宜摄入量（AI）
D
可耐受最高摄入量（UL）
正确答案：C

3
能量单位换算关系：1千卡（kcal）=（）千焦耳（kJ）
客观题满分： 2分
A
0.239
B
4.234
C
4.184
D
0.138
正确答案：C

4
下列关于脂类的说法是错误的是：
客观题满分： 2分
A
脂类包括脂肪和类脂
B
脂肪又称甘油三酯，约占体内脂类总量的95%
C
类脂主要包括磷脂和固醇类，约占全身脂类总量的15%
D
脂肪中三分子脂肪酸结构的各不相同，脂肪酸链的长短、饱和程度和空间结构不同，决定了脂肪呈现的不同特性和功能。
正确答案：C

5
婴幼儿、青少年生长发育迅速，基础代谢能量消耗相对较低。
客观题满分： 2分
A
对
B
错
C
不知道
正确答案：B

6
预防营养素缺乏，同时又降低慢性病风险而提出的每日摄入量的上限和下限的是（）
客观题满分： 2分
A
宏量营养素可接受范围（AMDR）
B
可耐受最高摄入量（UL）
C
预防非传染性慢性病的建议摄入量（PI）
D
特定建议值（SPL）
正确答案：A

7
婴幼儿缺锌可能会导致（）
客观题满分： 2分
A
甲状腺肿
B
异食癖
C
佝偻病
D
脚气病
正确答案：B

8
平衡膳食的要求是（）
客观题满分： 3分
A
保障食物安全
B
营养素的摄入要种类齐全、数量充足、比例合适
C
科学地烹调加工
D
合理的进餐制度和良好的饮食习惯
正确答案：A；B；C；D

9
营养素对人体的生理功能有（）
客观题满分： 3分
A
提供能量
B
构成细胞组织，供给生长、发育和自我更新所需要的材料
C
调节机体的生理活动
正确答案：A；B；C

10
脂溶性维生素是指不溶于水，溶解于脂肪和有机溶剂；在食物中与脂肪共存；易贮存于体内，如肝脏；不易排出体外，因此摄入过多易产生中毒。下列哪些属于脂溶性维生素（）
客观题满分： 3分
A
维生素A
B
维生素D
C
维生素B2
D
维生素B1
正确答案：A；B

11
西方膳食结构的特点表述正确的是：
客观题满分： 3分
A
是一种以西方发达国家为代表的膳食结构
B
粮谷类食物过少，而动物性食物和食糖占比较大
C
膳食结构上具有高热量、高脂肪、高蛋白质的“三高”特点
D
动物性食物占有的比例少，优质蛋白在膳食结构中占的比例低
正确答案：A；B；C

12
结合烹饪方法对食物原料营养价值的影响，适用于炖、焖、煨烹调方法的原料有哪些（）
客观题满分： 3分
A
动物性原料：生长期长的畜、禽、鱼类等
B
动物性原料：生长期短的，结构细腻的原料
C
植物性原料：谷类、粗粮、杂粮根茎类
D
植物性原料：蔬菜、水果
正确答案：A；C

13
下列属于宏量营养素的是（）
客观题满分： 3分
A
蛋白质
B
矿物质
C
碳水化合物
D
维生素
E
脂类
正确答案：A；C；E

14
下列关于基础代谢的能量消耗说法正确的是( )
客观题满分： 3分
A
基础代谢的能量消耗是人体用于维持机体最基本的生命活动所消耗的能量。
B
最基本的生命活动包括：心脏搏动、呼吸、体温、血液循环、及重要器官和细胞的基本生理功能。
C
世界卫生组织（WHO）对基础代谢的定义：
人体经过6~8小时空腹和良好的睡眠，清醒仰卧、恒温条件（22~26℃），无任何身体活动和紧张的思维活动，全身肌肉放松状态，这时测定的能量消耗是基础代谢的能量消耗。
D
影响基础代谢率的因素主要有：体型与体质、生理与病理状况、生活与工作环境等。
正确答案：A；B；D

15
为维持人体生长繁殖、生长发育和生存等一切生命活动，从外界环境中摄取的有益物质。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：营养素

16
营养素代谢的三个阶段：消化吸收、、。
主观题满分： 4分
正确答案：中间代谢；排泄

17
营养不良包括营养缺乏和。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：营养过剩

18
人体在休息状态下，％的能量来源于体内脂肪，在运动或长时间饥饿时，体脂提供的能量更多。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：60

19
人类膳食脂肪主要来源于动物脂肪组织、肉类和种子。
脂肪或油，不管它们来源于动物还是植物，每克约提供9千卡的热量，它们都属于是高能量密度营养素。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：植物

20
人体内影响锌消化吸收的主要因素有机体因素和因素。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：膳食

21
维生素能促进肠道对铁的吸收，提高肝脏对铁的利用率，有助于治疗缺铁性贫血。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：C

22
微量元素是指在人体内含量小于体重 %的矿物质，种类比较多，约21种。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：0.01

23
营养素的质主要表现在人体其消化吸收率和，如同等重量的蛋白质，由于必需氨基酸的组成与比例不同，其促进机体生长发育的效果就会有区别，其利用率也有差异。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：利用率

24
某食物中营养素密度 =（该食物的营养素含量 ÷该食物中所含的）×1000
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：能量（热能）

25
人体营养评估主要包括膳食调查、体格检查、营养水平的生化检查以及检查。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：营养缺乏病

26
根据幼儿的特点，我们要建立合理的膳食制度，在进餐时间、次数和各餐热量分配上要合理，每日可为幼儿安排餐点。
主观题满分： 4分
正确答案：三；两

27
营养配餐是指按人体需要，根据食物中各种营养素的含量，设计一天、一周或一段时间的食谱，使就餐者摄入的食物营养素充足，比例合理，从而达到的要求。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：平衡膳食

28
膳食结构是指膳食中各类食物的品种、数量及其在膳食中所占的和消费频率，又称膳食模式。
主观题满分： 2分
正确答案：比重

29
由于叶酸在体内参与多种物质的代谢过程，因而其缺乏引起的损害是广泛的，主要表现在哪些方面？
主观题满分： 6分

答案

30
请简述谷类的营养价值。
主观题满分： 10分

答案

31
简述常见的膳食调查的方法。
主观题满分： 5分

答案

32
《中国居民膳食指南2016》核心推荐的一般人群膳食指南的主要内容有哪些？
主观题满分： 12分

答案

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阅读China by Numbers，也可点击链接阅读。材料从14个方面，用数字记录我国自建党以来，百年间的迅猛发展成绩，请同学阅读后，按照以下要求用英文完成不少于350字的写作。简单概述阅读材料内容；运用举例法，描述几件切身体会到的祖国发展的事件；作为中国人对国家发展的深切感悟。 China by Numbers Data shows just how far China has come since the founding of the Communist Party of China 100 years ago. China by Numbers Ep.01: Economy From an economy dependent on agriculture to one that thrives on industry and trade, China's economic landscape has undergone great changes, in many ways due to significant shifts in policy. Back in 1921, China's customs revenue stood at no more than a hundred million silver dollars. Three years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the nation's GDP stood at only 68 billion yuan. In 2000, China overtook Italy as the sixth largest economy in the world. In 2010, it overtook Japan to become the world's second largest economy. Last year, despite the pandemic, China was the only major economy to register a positive growth. And its GDP per capita reached over ten-thousand US dollars – more than 600 times the nominal value in 1952. The OECD predicts, this year, China will contribute one third of world economic growth. And it's expected to make even more progress when the world recovers from the pandemic. China by Numbers Ep.02: Industrial development China was the only country to have a presence in all the categories of the United Nations industry classification system. But it wasn't always like this. In 1933, modern manufacturing accounted for only 2.5 percent of the GDP. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the country was only able to produce some basic consumer goods. The making of industrial products like tractors, cars and planes was out of the question. The government vowed to restore its industries through a special five-year plan starting from 1953 and its industrial output grew steadily as a result. In 1978, the industrial output increased 16-fold on 1952. And that was just a flavor of China's potential. By 2010, China has surpassed the United States to become the world's largest manufacturing hub. China's industrial development has become more capital-and technology-oriented. It's adopting an innovation-driven strategy and is taking the lead globally with new industrial products such as new energy cars and industrial robots. China by Numbers Ep.03: Car ownership In 1937, the number of passenger cars across the country was 24-thousand, a huge gap compared to other countries at the time. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the number of passenger cars was just 50-thousand. It was not until 1958, when China's first domestically-developed sedan rolled off the production line. The first auto-making joint venture, between China and American Motors Corporation, was established in 1984. With the beginning of the 21st century, China's automotive industry saw a decade of rapid development. China produced 2 million vehicles in 2000, ranking 8th in the world. In 2019, the annual car production reached over 25 million, two times that of the US. The scale of China's car market grew from 2 million in 2000 to 13 million in 2009, making China's auto market the largest in the world. In 2020, China's car market accounted for over 30-percent of the global market. And China has been the largest single market for many global brands. China by Numbers Ep.04: Urbanization When the Communist Party of China was founded in 1921, most of China's population lived in rural areas. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, only one in ten people lived in cities. That was about 58 million people. Over the next three decades, this trend started to change, as more and more people moved to urban areas. A milestone was reached in 2011, when China's urban population surpassed its rural population. By 2019, it had passed 60-percent, with nearly 850 million people living and working in cities -- more than the total populations of the US, Indonesia and Brazil combined. China's urbanization drive has been a key factor in its development over the past decades. By 2017, mega-cities were generating over 2 trillion yuan in GDP a year. And prefecture-level cities generated nearly two thirds of national GDP the same year. China by Numbers Ep.05: Rural work China is now able to feed 20-percent of the world's population with only 9-percent of the world's arable land. But it's not been an easy journey. Agricultural production was extremely cut down before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 due to years of war and natural disasters. Since 1979, China has intensified agricultural reforms. The grain output in 2020 was nearly 6 times more compared to 1949. The per capita output in 2021 is also far more than the UN food safety standard. In 2021, China declared a complete victory in its poverty alleviation campaign. Since 1978, more than 770-million people have been lifted out of poverty. This accounts for more than 70-percent of the global total over the same period according to the World Bank's international poverty standard. People's living conditions in poverty-stricken areas have been largely improved. China by Numbers Ep.06: Transport In the early 20th century, transportation was one of the weaker aspects of China's economy. In 1936, the total length of railways in the United States was 30 times that of China. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the total length of its railway network in operation was just under 22-thousand kilometers. By 2018, the increase on 1949 was five-fold. However, Chinese rail made a significant breakthrough in 2008 when it opened its first high-speed line. The network has slowly grown to cover nearly all major cities -- with its total length in 2018 at 29-thousand kilometers. To put that into context -- it's 60-percent of the world's total. And the government is looking to build on it further. By 2035, China's entire rail network is expected to reach 200-thousand kilometers with the high-speed network doubling to 70-thousand kilometers. China by Numbers Ep.07: Trade Over the past 100 years, a growing number of countries have shown interest in the Chinese market and goods. Compared with 100 years ago, the number of China's trade partners has grown to over 230. In recent years, the EU, the US, ASEAN and Japan have been China's main trade partners. China has become the largest trading partner for over 120 countries and blocs. Since reform and opening up began in 1978, China has become a major economic powerhouse on the world stage. In 2001, the country joined the World Trade Organization, embracing a growing trend towards globalization and a multilateral trade order. Over the decades, its annual trade volume has increased significantly. By 2013, China had overtaken the US as the world's largest trader in goods. In 2019, China's trade volume exceeded 4.8 trillion US dollars. And it also represents a more than 5,300-fold increase from a century ago. China by Numbers Ep.08: Investment China's foreign direct investment and outward FDI policies have evolved alongside economic development over the past 100 years. From the 1930s to 1970s, foreign direct investment in China was very limited. Only a small number of foreign-owned companies operated in China. China's actual use of FDI has increased 60-fold since 1983, to 163 billion US dollars in 2020, surpassing the U.S. to become the largest recipient of Foreign Direct Investment globally. The country has also made great progress in optimizing its business environment and stimulating market vitality through improving its laws, regulations and practices affecting foreign companies. China ranked 31st in the world for ease of doing business in 2020. And as China rapidly integrates with the global economy, its outward FDI has picked up, which jumped from 26 billion dollars in 2002 to over 196 billion dollars in 2016. China by Numbers Ep.09: Currencies One hundred years ago when the concept of foreign exchange reserve was first introduced in the world, China was suffering from heavy foreign debts as it was forced to pay under a number of unequal treaties imposed by major colonial powers. By the time the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the country's foreign reserve was at an all-time low. By the 1990s, a slew of economic reform initiatives triggered a steadier accumulation of foreign reserves, which skyrocketed when China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001. By 2009, China's foreign reserves accounted for about a third of the world's total. It has maintained the world's largest foreign exchange reserves for 15 consecutive years, primarily staying above 3-trillion dollars. Meanwhile, the Chinese yuan is making deeper inroads as a currency of choice for cross-border payments. China by Numbers Ep.10: Environmental protection Over the centuries, wars, fires and excessive tree-cutting reduced China's forest cover to around 8-percent by the first half of 20th century. After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, efforts were made to protect and restore forest resources, but progress was uneven. Forest cover in China has been increasing now for four decades. Globally, tree cover in 2019 was up by five percent from the early 2000s, an area equivalent to all of the Amazon rainforests. Over 25-percent of the gain was attributed to China. China is now determined to accelerate green development. China's new Five Year Plan aims to achieve green development, with peak carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Achieving carbon neutrality includes reduction in emissions and planting trees. Although China's emissions continue to rise, carbon intensity per unit of GDP had fallen by 48-percent in the 15 years up to the end of 2019. China by Numbers Ep.11: Sci-tech innovation When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the country only had around 50-thousand technological personnel. And only one tenth of them specialized in scientific research. But China began to catch up fast. In 1970, China launched its first space satellite Dongfanghong I, 13 years after the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1. In 2003, China became the third nation to send an astronaut into space, after Russia and the U.S. In 2019, it achieved a milestone in lunar exploration, completing the world's first-ever soft landing on the far side of the moon with its Chang'e-4 mission. And its home-grown Mars probe Tianwen-1 is aiming to have an all-round study of the Red Planet's geography after being launched in July 2020. Since 2013, China has been the world's second largest investor in research and development spending. Also China has the world's largest 5-G network, with over 700-thousand stations, accounting for around 70-percent of the global total. China by Numbers Ep.12: Healthcare China has made strides in public health over the past decades. In 1850, average life expectancy was just 32. In 1949, the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, average life expectancy was 35. It rose to 66 when the country began reforms and opening up in 1978. In 2019, it reached nearly 77, significantly higher than the world average of 72, making it one of the fastest-ascending countries. In 1949, there were just 3,670 medical and health institutions nationwide, with only 30-thousand beds. And at the end of 2018, there were nearly 1 million medical institutions nationwide, 270 times the number in 1949. Health insurance has also expanded, with over 95-percent of the population or more than 1.3 billion people covered. In 2016, The Lancet medical journal ranked China 48th for healthcare access, but rising fast, putting it among the top 5 countries in the world with the strongest medical improvement. China by Numbers Ep.13: Education Over the past 100 years, China has made significant progress in the education sector. In 1921, the government spent only one percent of its fiscal expenditure on education. The situation began to improve significantly in 1995, when the Education Law stipulated that educational spending should grow at a faster pace than the local governments' regular income. In 2012, educational spending was 4% of GDP and has grown ever since. In 2019, public spending on education reached a record of over 4 trillion yuan. And the immense efforts paid off - China has almost wiped out illiteracy over the past century. In 1921, the illiteracy rate was nearly 90 percent, but the number dropped to less than 4 percent in 2020. In just over 20 years, China achieved universal coverage in nine-year compulsory education - a goal that took some western countries nearly a century to attain. China by Numbers Ep.14: Sports With the 2022 Winter Olympics just months away, the Chinese capital Beijing is set to be the first city to hold both a Summer and Winter Games. Just a hundred years ago, when the Communist Party of China was founded in 1921, this achievement was not even a possibility. The Chinese delegation didn't attend the Olympics until a decade after making its debut at the 1932 Summer Games in Los Angeles. China won its first gold medal when Xu Haifeng brought home the prize in 1984 for shooting. By 2018, Chinese athletes won over 34-hundred international competitions, including world cups and world championships, setting world records over a thousand times. Meanwhile, with the help of technology, people are also taking up exercise at home. The number of people using fitness apps has grown nearly 16 times in 6 years, reaching 165 million in 2019. The health and fitness of the people is still one of China's major development goals.

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2022年春江苏开放大学营养学期末综合测试

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2024春江苏开放大学形势与政策第三次形成性考核全国人大常委会2020年_____通过香港国安法，并在征询全国人大常委会香港特别行政区基本法委员会和香港特区政府的意见后，将该法列入基本法附件三。

2024春江苏开放大学形势与政策第二次形成性考核国家安全工作归根结底是（）

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